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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you stain a heat fixed ear swab sample? |
straight into the NMB stain |
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What is otitis externa, and why may it occur? |
inflammation out outer ear - allergies -parasites -trauma -foreign body - immune/heredity - tumors |
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What three things are you considering when you find bacteria in an ear swab? |
number, morphology, neighbourhood |
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What is the acceptable number of bacteria in an ear swab for cats and dogs? |
4-24 in dog 4-14 in cat |
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What is the normal number of yeast seen in cat and dog ear swabs? |
2-4 dog 2-11 cat |
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What common WBCs would you see in an ear swab? |
neutrophils and macrophages |
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Compare a keratinocyte and melanocyte. |
k: produce keratin m: produce melanin |
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What do merkel cells and langerhans cells do? |
m: phagocytize microinvaders l: involved in allergic/cell-mediated immune response |
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What kind of skin cell is most common in an ear swab? |
keratinocyte |
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Describe what strep, staph, and mycobacterium tuberculosis look like. |
strep: cocci, singles/chains staph: cocci, grape-like cluster myco: rod, single/clump |
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Compare endocrine and exocrine function |
endo: produce/secrete of insulin to metabolize glucose via beta cells (inside bloodstream) exo: produce/secrete digestive enzymes (outside blood stream) |
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What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? |
1: low/no insulin, therefore dependant 2: inadequate/delayed insulin, nondependant |
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What is diabetes insipidus? |
lack of ADH |
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What will serum chemistry testing show for a diabetic animal? |
increased ALP increased liver enzymes hypercholesterolemia lipemia |
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How might you test for diabetes? (3 methods) |
glucose curve- immediate levels fructosamine- looks at weeks urine- not reliable on own |
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What are signs of hypothyroidism? |
lethargy hair loss dull hair dry skin ear infection bradycardia |
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What is the best type of testing for thyroid? |
test T4 and free T4 (decreased) AND TSH (increased) |
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What are clinical signs of hyperthyroidism? |
weight loss, increased HR, PU/PD, increased hunger and activity |
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How will T4 and TSH react with hyperthyroidism? |
increased T4, decreased TSH |
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Where is adrenal gland located? |
above kidney |
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What is the function of ACTH? |
aldosterone- conserve Na, release K cortisol- increase blood glucose level |
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What is another name for hyperadrenocorticism? |
Cushing's disease |
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What are signs of Cushing's? |
pendulous abdomen PU/PD stress leukogram hyperglycemia high cholesterol |
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What is adrenal tumour neoplasia? |
tumors of adrenal cortex which initially cause increased cortisol, stops producing once atrophy |
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What us pituitaary dependent hyperadrenocorticism? |
pituitary tumours cause increased ACTH therefore increased cortisol |
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How do you test for Cushings? |
ACTH stimulation test- show cortisol elevation Low dose dex suppresson- wont show depression high dose dex suppression- isolate PDH from adrenal neoplasia |
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What is another name for hypoadrenocorticism? |
Addison's disease |
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What are signs of Addison's disease? |
V/D, PU/PD, low glucose and sodium, increased potassium, low BP, dehydration |
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How do you test addison's disease? |
ACTH stim test (<0.2microgram/dL) |
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Label each as an electrolyte or mineral. |
Na, Ca, PO4, K, Cl, Mg |
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what is the role of sodium? |
osmolality of extracellular fluid (retain Na to retain water) |
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what is the role of potassium. What portion of blood would you test? |
normal, muscular, nervous function run plasma |
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What is the relation of calcium with phosphorus? |
inverse |
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How do you calculate adjusted serum calcium level? |
adjusted Ca = Ca - albumin + 3.5 (mg/dL) = (mg/dL) - (g/dL) +3.5 |
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growing animals have a __________ serum phosphorus |
increased |
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When calculating serum phosphorus, what must you do with the sample immediately? |
separate plasma/serum |
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Magnesium levels would be affected by what diseases? |
addison's/ hyperthyroidism |
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The pituitary gland releases which reproductive hormone? What do ovaries release? |
follicle stimulating hormone ovary releases estrogen and progesterone |
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Proestrus lasts for ___ days, with an increase of _______. |
9, estrogen |
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Estrus lasts ___ days, with an ______ surge. Ovulation occurs on day ___. Estrogen will _______ while progesterone will ________. As the male shows interest, the female will __________ him. |
9, LH surge, day 2 estrogen decrease, progesterone increase, accepts him |
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Diestrus lasts ______ days, and progesterone will _______. |
60 days, increase |
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Anestrus lasts ______ months. Progesterone will ____. |
4.5, decrease |
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Parturition occurs _____ days from ovulation. |
63 |
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How do you attain a vaginal swab sample? |
clean vulva with saline, moisten swab prior to, prep slide and stain |
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Parabasal cells are most dominant in what estrous stage? What do they look like? |
anestrus, small, round wit large nucleus |
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Intermediate cells are present during which three estrous stages? What do they look like compared to a parabasal cell? |
anestrus, proestrus, estrus further flattened cell than parabasal, twice as large |
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The nucleus of a superficial cell is _____. They are most abundant during _______. |
largest epithelial. estrus |
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Anuclear cells are found during ______ of estrous. The nucleus is ___. |
estrus, not visible |
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What stage of estrus should you NOT see bacteria? |
anestrus |
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What is "emperipolesis" in reference to cells? |
process of a smaller cell passing through a larger cell |
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What is a metestrus cell? |
a large intermediate cell |
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What is a foam cell? When would you hardly ever see one? |
a parabasal/ intermediate cell with vaculation. hardly seen in proestrus |
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What cells will you see in proestrus? |
parabasal, intermediate, superficial, neutrophil, rbc |
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what cells will you see in estrus? |
superficial, maybe rbc or bacteria |
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What cells might you see in diestrus? |
superficial, parabasal/ intermediates |
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What cells can you see in anestrus? |
parabasal, intermediate |
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How do you make an imprint? |
1. expose fresh edge on a tissue 2. blot sample with tissue 3. touch tissue in rows on a clean slide 4. air dry, then stain |
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How are scrapings performed? |
1. blade at 90 degrees and scrape across tissue 2. may use blade to expose fresh edge for biopsy and blot sample 3. spread sample on slide 4. air dry and stain |
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How are swab samples performed? |
1. moisten swab with saline 2. place swab into cavity 3. roll swab in single strokes down slide 4. make a few rows 5. air dry slide and stain |
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how is fine needle biopsy performed? |
1. stabilize lesion 2. insert needle 3. redirect multiple times 4. remove needle 5. attach air filled syringe 6. force sample onto a slide 7. smear contents |
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What are the steps to fine-needle aspiration? |
1. stabilize lesion and insert 5ml syringe 2. retract plunger 3. redirect needle 4. slowly release plunger 5. remove needle from mass 6. remove needle from syringe 7. fill syringe with air 8. attach to syringe 9. gently force sample on slide 10. apply smear technique 11. air dry and stain |
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When would you use a wedge line smear technique? |
with aspirated, centesis, or wash sample |
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When would you use a compression technique for a sample? |
for aspirated, centesis, wash, or scrapping technique |
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What might macrophages present in a vaginal swab sample indicate? |
inflammation/ infection |
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When does pyometra often occur? |
within 2 months of estrus |
