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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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percent of homicides by strangers
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13
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percent of homicides by those with prior relationships
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60
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type of serial killer that hears voices and has visions that are the basis for the compulsion to murder
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visonary serial killers
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kill for financial or material gain
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comfort serial killers / profit-driven killers
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murder for the pleasure of killing
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hedonistic
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operate from some position of power over others
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power seekers
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involve sadism or dominance
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thrill-motivated killers
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generally have a reformist or visionary orientation
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mission-oriented killers
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motivated by profit or protection
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expedience-directed killers
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commit murders to mask other crimes
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protection-oriented killers
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gender, usually murders strangers
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male
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gender, usually murders people known to them
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females
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kills spouses and usually for economic profit
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black widow
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kills those in her care or who rely on her from some form of medical attention or similar support
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angel of death
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UCR rape report
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64 out of every 100,000
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NCVS rape report
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200 out of every 100,000
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common law of rape did not:
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recognize men as victims
recognize spousal rape recognize vaginal rape with anything but a penis allow for various means by which force could occur |
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rape shield laws were intended to:
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protect rape victims by ensuring that defendants did not introduce irrelevant facts about the victim's sexual past into evidence
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planning and robbery
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little planning for personal, much for institutional
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offense specialization for property crime
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low, offenders do a little bit of everything
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taking from a structure with unlawful entry
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burglary
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threaten someone or use force to obtain something
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robbery
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take something without trespassing
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larceny
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commercial burglary occurs when
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night time when closed
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residential burglary occurs when
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day time when ppl at work
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overturning all laws against something
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legalization
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removing criminal penalties from something
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decriminalizing
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burglary targets whom?
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strangers mostly, family when out of town, family for revenge
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phases of property crime
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breakin- first ten years
stable- next ten years, commited to the life style, no other alternatives burnout-commitment level begins to drop |
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largest crime by money
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larceny
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gang motivated violence
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violent crime is direct result of gang activity
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gang affiliated violence
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individual gang members are involved in crime but not as a purposeful result of gang activity
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association of gangs and homicide: two types
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gang motivated and gang affiliated
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homicide when victim and offender know each other
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primary homicide
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homicide when victim and offender do not know each other
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non-primary homicide
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crime results from interpersonal hostility
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expressive crimes
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involves some degree of premeditation by the offender and are less likely to be precipitated
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instrumental crimes
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Robbery that occurs on the highway or street or in a public place (and which is often referred to as “mugging”) and robbery that occurs in residences
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personal robbery
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Robbery that occurs in commercial settings, such as convenience stores, gas stations, and banks
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institutional robbery
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is robbery common on mass transit
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no robbery is rare
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transportation: who at greatest risk?
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taxicab drivers
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primary motive for robbery
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fast cash, little planning
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assualt on a stranger
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very rare
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majority of robbery offenders are
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generalists
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majority of assualt victims
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know their attacker, often in a familial or an intimate relationship
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Violence as result of resistance to / failure of other forms of control
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intimate-partner assault
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UCR definition of rape
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carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
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NCVS definition of rape
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Forced sexual intercourse including both psychological coercion as well as physical force.”
Includes vaginal, anal, and oral sex Includes use of foreign object Includes attempted rape, male and female victims, and both heterosexual and homosexual rape Attempted rape includes verbal threats of rape |
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greatest loss to retailers
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employee theft
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shoplifting primarily committed by:
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men
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illicit market for crack drove down the street value of stolen property,
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cash was enhanced, burglary rates decreased and robbery increased
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target selection for commercial burglary
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night time mostly and usually retail stores
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target selection for residential burglary
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based on knowledge of occupants, not usually family or close friends, avoid occupied homes, avoid complex security systems, most in day time
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shoplifters that sell the items, low percent of total
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boosters
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shoplifters that use items for personal use, higher percent
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snitches
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shoplifters with little planning that feel remorse
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impulsive
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shoplifters that do it for peer pressure, more frequent
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occasional
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smallest percent of shoplifters, psych problems
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episodic
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largest percent of shoplifters, maximized profit and minimized risk, CBA (cost benefit analysis)
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amateur
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shoplifters daily, skilled, big tickets, resale
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semiprofessional
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juveniles who commit spur of the moment burglaries with others, and are dissuaded by protective devices
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low-level burglars
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Older individuals who drift in and out of burglary, consider risk, and commonly use alcohol and drugs
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middle-range burglars
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professionals who work in organized groups and make a good living with their proceeds
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high-level burglars
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receives stolen property through a front like a pawn shop
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professional receivers
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takes stolen goods in payment, usually a professional in some field
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avocational receivers
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receive stolen property for their own use
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amateur receivers
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most expensive type of crime
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white collar
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crimes committed to benefit a corporation
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organizational occupational crime
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crimes by officials through the exercise of their state-based power
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state authority occupational crime
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crime by professionals in their capacity as professionals
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professional occupational crime
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crime by individuals as individuals
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individual occupational crime
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violations of the law that damage some protected or otherwise significant aspect of the natural environment
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environmental corporate crime
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causes of white collar crime
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same as other crimes: self interest, pursuit of pleasure, avoidance of pain
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theories applicable to the causes of white collar crime
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strain theory, subcultural theories, control theory
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a violation of a criminal statute either by a corportate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of the corporation, partnership, or other form of business entity
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corporate crime
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examples of corporate crime
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prior knowledge of malfunctions in products, price fixing, insider securities trading
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four areas of reform for corporate crime
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ethical, enforcement, structural, political
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ethical corporate reform
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working to establish stronger and more persuasive codes of business ethics
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enforcement corporate reform
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white collar criminals must be severly punished and there should be better funding for enforcement
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structural corporate reform
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basic changes in corporate structures to make crime more difficult to commit
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political corporate reform
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eliminating campaign contributions from corporations and businesses but also increasing levels of fairness in government grants purchases and contracts
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