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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws
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crime
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make illegal
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criminalize
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human activity that violates social norms
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deviant behavior
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various forms of behavior are criminalized upon agreement from members of society
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consensus perspective
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this perspective good in homogeneous societies
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consensus perspective
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behaviors are typically criminalized through a political process only after debate over the appropriate course of action
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pluralist perspective
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an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, including their manifestations, causes, legal aspects, and control
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criminology
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one who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
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criminologist
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a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime
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criminalist
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a theory that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach
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general theory
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theory that explains crime by merging concepts from different sources
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integrated theory
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specialist in examining the evidence of a crime
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criminalist
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one who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
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criminologist
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application of the ciminal law and study of the components of the justice system
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criminal justice
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members of society agree it should be illegal
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consensus perspective
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behaviors are typically criminalized througha political process only after debate over the appropriate course of action
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pluralist perspective
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one that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach
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general theory
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exlains crime by merging concepts from different sources
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integrated theory
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crime defined as: Problem behavior, especially human activity that contravenes the criminal law and results in difficulties in living within a framework of generally acceptable social arrangements
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psychological perspective
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crime defined as: Human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or the local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws
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legalistic perspective
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crime defined as: The result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal
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political perspective
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crime defined as: An antisocial act of such a nature that its repression is necessary or is supposed to be necessary to the preservation of the existing system of society
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sociological perspective
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shortcoming of sociological perspective
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Shortcoming:
It suffers from wanting to criminalize activities that cause only indirect harm. |
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shortcoming of political perspective
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Restricted to understanding crime through political processes, which limits inquiry into human behavior
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shortcoming of legalistic perspective
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Yields “moral high ground” to the powerful
Insistence that nature of crime cannot be separated from nature of law No recognition that formal law did not always exist |
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shortcoming of psychological perspective
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Does not fully acknowledge structural causes of criminal activity and crime definitions
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Human activity that violates social norms
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deviant behavior
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violation of a set of rules
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crime
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speeding vs. adultery
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crime vs. deviance
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Macro analysis
Crime is a manifestation of social problems Public health model Government funded initiatives |
social problems
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Micro analysis
Crime is an individual responsibility Rational choice theory Social programs do little to solve the problem Punishment, rehabilitation, & control |
social responsibility
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Released by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Crime in the United States |
UCR
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UCR stands for
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Uniform crime report
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collected by the FBI, eventually will replace UCR
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National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
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Released by Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
Criminal Victimization in the United States |
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
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four reasons for not reporting crime
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fear of perpetrator
shame, carries over form cultural victim-blaming notions fears of not being believed fear of further participation in the justice system |
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an arrest has been made or the perpetrator is known but an arrest is not possible
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cleared crime
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how data is collected for UCR
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through police reports
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how data is collected for NCVS
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through random selection interview
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crime did what in the early 1940s
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decreased sharply because of WWI
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crim did what from 1960s to 1990s, and why??
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dramatic increase, baby boomers in crime prone age, increase in crime reporting, normlessness of 1960s
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crime from 1991 to 2003, and why
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dramatic decrease, baby boomers aging out
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willful killing of one human being by another
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homicide
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unlawful homicide
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murder
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planned murder
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first degree murder
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true crime of passion
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second degree murder
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negligent homicide; no malice or intent
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third degree murder
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an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies
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felony murder...person can be found guilty of first degree murder even with no intent
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unlawful taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear
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robbery
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robbery in public, usually in the street
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highway (street) robbery
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unarmed offender uses brute force to rob someone
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strong armed robbery
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unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury
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aggravated assault
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attack without a weapon resulting eitehr in minor injury or undetermined injury requiring less than two days of hospitalization
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simple assault(NCVS)
any injury: aggravated assault per UCR |
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unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft; use of force is not required
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burglary
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unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property, other than a motor vehicle, from the possession of another person
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larceny
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theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle
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motor vehicle theft
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stealing a car while its occupied
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carjacking
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burning something
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arsen
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this persepctive on crime is better in a homogeneous society.
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consensus perspective
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for Part I offenses, the crimes are counted when?
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anytime a crime is reported to the police
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for Part II offenses, the crimes are counted when?
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only when an arrest was made
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violent crime
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robbery, rape, murder, aggravated assault
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property crime
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burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft, arson
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an alternative explanation
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confounding effects
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an outside reason for a correlation other than the one shown
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confounding effects
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rate of crime calculated on the basis of crimes that would likely be committed by those who are in prison or who are otherwise incapacitated by the justice system
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latent crime rate
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NIBRS summary or incident based?
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incident based, reports all crimes committed during one incident
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UCR summary or incident based?
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summary based, only counts the most serious--heirarchy rule
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statistics that specify how likely findings are to be true for other populations or in other locales
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inferential statistics
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statistics that summarize or highlight the relationships within data that have been gathered
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descriptive statistics
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the certainty that experimental interventions caused the changes observed in the study group
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internal validity
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the ability of researchers to generalize the research findings to other settings
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external validity
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threats to internal validity
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history-some real like event related to experiment occurs during course of experiment
maturation-processes occuring over time, such as aging testing effect-had this test previously intrumentation-using different measures to avoid the test effect regression to the mean-extreme scores, move closer to mean over time selection bias-must be sure experimental and control groups are equal experimental mortality-losing people diffusion of stimulus-subjects talking to each other about the experiment rivalry/demoralization-competitiveness with group |
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threats to external validity
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reactive effects of testing- people figure out what you're asking and tell you waht you want to hear
self-selection--certain groups volunteer, such as the poor reactive effects of experimental arrangements-know you're being tested so you act differently multiple-treatment interference- in other studies/classes at the same time |
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scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out for practical application
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applied research
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undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge
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pure research
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characterized by direct and original investigation
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primary research
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new evaluations of existing information that has already been collected by other researchers
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secondary research
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series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events
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theory
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an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation
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hypothesis
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research is done and explained to form these
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theories
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stages of research
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define your question
define concepts you are studying choose a method how will you measure things? who and how will you sample? how will you collect data? how will you analyze the data how will you report your findings |
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groups 1 and 2 are exp and control, 3 does not have pretest, 4 is only posttested
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solomon four group design
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solomon four group design
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groups 1 and 2 are exp and control, 3 does not have pretest, 4 is only posttested
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single group of subjects is measured on a variable following experimental stimuli
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one-shot case study
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adds a pretest for the group, no control
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one-group pretest-posttest design
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includes experimental and control group, no pretest
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static-group comparison
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like the static group comparison but the static is not randomly selected here
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posttest-only control group design
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how does proper randomization control threats to internal validity, especially the testing effect?
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no bias on post test because there is no pre test
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five types of data collection
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surveys, case studies, participant observation, self-reporting, and secondary analysis
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new evaluations of existing information, which had been collected by other researchers
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secondary analysis
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the researcher doesnt try to influence behavior or direction of the group
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observer
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the researcher is indestinguishable from all other members of the group
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participant
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provide reseachers with confidence that their results are in fact, and not the result of sampling error
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tests of significance
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no names are disclosed
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anonymity
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all responses are confidential
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confidentiality
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any potential harm must be disclosed at outset
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no harm to participants, an ethical issue
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ethical issues
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voluntary participation, informed consent, no harm to participants, anonymity and confidentiality, deception only when necessary
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subjects are aware of the costs/benefits of participating
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informed consent
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measures of central tendency
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mean, median, mode
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when the same conditions exist, the same results can be expected to follow
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replicability
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a scientific principle that requires that independent observers see the same thing under the same circumstances for observations to be regarded as valid
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intersubjectivity or inter-rater reliability
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variance and SD, how spread out the data is
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dispersion
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