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70 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is BMI used to assess?
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nutritional status and total body fat
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Mosbys p145
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What is the formula for calculating BMI?
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weight(kg)/height(m²)
or [weight(lb)/height(in²)] x 703 |
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What is the normal BMI range?
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18.5-24.9 kg/m²
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What is the overweight BMI range?
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25-29.9 kg/m²
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What is are the BMI ranges for obesity classes I, II, and III?
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class I = 30.0-34.9 kg/m²
class II = 35.0-39.9 kg/m² class III = >40.0 kg/m² (extreme obesity) |
Mosbys p146
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What is the obese BMI range?
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≥30 kg/m²
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Large waist circumference increases risk for what disorders?
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HTN
type 2 diabetes dyslipidemia cardiovascular disease |
Mosbys p147
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What is osteopenia?
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pre-osteoporosis
lack or loss of bone volume and structural quality |
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What is the ddx for osteopenia?
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osteogenesis imperfecta
vitD or Ca deficiency immobilitiy |
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What is osteogenesis imperfecta?
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genetic disease
many variations characterized by an insufficient quantity and/or quality of collagen resulting in brittle bones |
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What are rickets?
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child osteomalacia
vitD deficiency resulting in lack of available Ca preventing bone calcification resulting in bone softening |
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What is osteomalacia?
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adult rickets
vitD deficiency resulting in lack of available Ca preventing bone calcification resulting in bone softening |
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What is osteoporosis?
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decalcification of bone resulting in:
loss of bone volume enlargment of marrow and Haversian canal spaces thinning of cortex structural weakness |
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What is the ddx for osteoporosis?
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menopause (lack of estrogen)
female athlete aging inactivity alcohol smoking steroids systemic disease (especially hepatic and renal disease) |
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What is the female athlete triad?
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poor nutrition
amenorrhea osteoporosis |
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What is the etiology of female athlete triad?
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intense exercise and poor nutrition cause:
↓ estrogen resulting in amenorrhea ↓ estrogen and Ca resulting in osteoporosis |
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Is vitamin D water or fat soluble?
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fat soluble
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What are the 2 major forms of vitamin D?
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vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) via plants or supplements
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) via sunlight or supplements |
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Is vitamin D active or inactive?
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inactive
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What is the active form of vitamin D?
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calcitriol (1,25-dyhydroxycholecalciferol)
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Where is vitamin D3 synthesized?
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skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB rays
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What factors influence the amount of sunlight exposure necessary to produce adequate vitamin D?
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melanin
distance from the equator season of the year |
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What is the mechanism of vitamin D synthesis?
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ergocalciferol or 7-dehydrocholesterol + UVB -> previtamin D3 -> vitamin D3 -> liver -> calcidiol (storage form stored in hepatocytes) -> kidneys -> calcitriol (active form activated in proximal tubules)
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What blood test is ordered to measure active vitamin D (AKA calcitriol)?
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1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D
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What blood test is ordered to measure inactive vitamin D (AKA calcidiol)?
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25-dihydroxy-vitamin D
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Which vitamin D blood test is more accurate and why?
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25-dihydroxy-vitamin D due to larger concentration and longer half-life (15 days as opposed to 15 hours)
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What are the actions of vitamin D?
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↑ Ca and phos absorption in gut
↑ Ca and phos reabsorption in kidneys ↑ osteocalcin, osteoclasts, and new bone formation |
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What is the ddx for rickets?
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malnutrition
malabsorption (celiac disease) bile acid secretion problems (Alagille syndrome) liver disease (25-OH-ylase inactivity) renal disease (1-OH-ylase inactivity, Fanconi syndrome) anticonvulsants (phenobarbitol, dilantin) |
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What are the normals for 25-hydroxy-vitamin D?
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normals are widely disputed and depend on the laboratory and patient factors (age, gender etc.)
>30 ng/mL or >75 nmol/L |
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What are the normals for 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D?
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20-40 pg/mL
or 56-122 pmol/L |
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Does calcitriol usually increase or decrease in vitD deficiency?
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INCREASE!!!
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What is the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level for mild vitD deficiency, overt bone disease, and moderate vitD deficiency?
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mild vitD deficiency = <20 ng/mL
overt bone disease = <15 ng/mL + ↑ PTH moderate vitD deficiency = <10 ng/mL + ↑ PTH & Alk Phos |
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What are the relative percentages of carbs, fat, and protein in a healthy diet?
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carbs 60-65%
fat 20-25% protein 15% |
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What are the recommendations for a healthy diet?
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reduce intake of cholesterol to <100 mg/day
reduce intake of fat (eat less red meat, cheese, junk food) increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids (eat more seafood) increase intake of complex carbs and fiber (eat more fruit, vegetables, beans, whole grains) |
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What are nutrients?
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elements or compounds required by organisms for growth and reproduction
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What are the nutritional components needed by the human body for normal functioning?
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carbohydrates
fat protein vitamins minerals water |
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Which nutrients provide energy?
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carbs
proteins fats |
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Which nutrients do not provide energy
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vitamins
minerals water |
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Which nutrients are macronutrients?
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carbs
fat protein water |
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Which nutrients are micronutrients?
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vitamins
minerals |
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Which nutrients are organic?
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carbs
fat protein vitamins |
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Which nutrients are inorganic?
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minerals
water |
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What is a calorie?
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unit of energy that food provides the body
1 calorie = amount of energy required to raise 1g of water by 1°C |
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What 2 enzymes help digest carbohydrates and where are they found?
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salivary amylase found in saliva
pancreatic amylase secreted by acinar cells of pancreas |
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Where in the GI tract does carbohydrate absorption occur?
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90% carbs absorbed in small intestine
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Where and in what form is glucose stored?
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glucose is stored in liver and muscle tissue as glycogen
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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synthesis of glucose by liver during periods of fasting
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What is glycogenolysis?
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breakdown of glycogen into glucose during periods of fasting
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What 2 enzymes help digest lipids and where are they found?
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salivary lipase
pancreatic lipase |
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Where and in what form are lipids stored?
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lipids are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
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Name the vitamins that are water soluble.
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thiamin (B1)
riboflavin (B2) niacin (B3) pyroxidine (B6) cyanocobalamin (B12) folate pantothenic acid biotin vitamin C |
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Name the vitamins that are fat soluble.
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vitamins A, D, E, K
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What is another name for vitamin B12?
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cyanocobalamin
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What is another name for vitamin B1?
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thiamin
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What is another name for vitamin B2?
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riboflavin
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What is another name for vitamin B3?
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niacin
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What is another name for vitamin B6?
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pyroxidine
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What are recommended daily allowances (RDAs)?
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average daily intake sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all healthy people (97-98%)
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List the ingredients and amounts for a home administered oral rehydration solution.
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1/2 tsp salt
1 tbsp sugar 1 liter water |
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What is nutrition?
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the science of food as it relates to optimal health and performance
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Mosbys p138
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List 3 macronutrients.
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carbohydrates
protein fat |
Mosbys p138
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List 3 ways food enables the body to function.
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provides energy for activity
enables synthesis and maintenance of body tissues enables regulation of body processes |
Mosbys p138
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What macronutrient is the body's main source of energy?
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carbohydrate
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Mosbys p139
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How much glucose is stored as glycogen?
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365g
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Mosbys p139
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How long does circulating glucose provide energy for moderate activity?
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13h
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Mosbys p139
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What is the appropriate use of an oral rehydration solution?
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indicated if diarrheal dehydration
give 1 solution for every watery stool passed feed slowly, preferrably with teaspoon |
http://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm
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What is kwashiorkor?
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protein-energy malnutrition due to deficiency in protein in presence of adequate energy
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Current p1134
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What is marasmus?
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protein-energy malnutrition due to deficiency of protein and energy
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Current p1134
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What are bile salts (AKA bile acids)?
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-produced in liver
-secreted into biliary system -stored in gallbladder -released after meals stimulated by cholecystokinin (peptide hormone synthesized in small intestine mucosa, secreted from duodenum, stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from gallbladder, allowing digestion of fats and protein; suppresses hunger) -important for digestion and absorption of lipids in small intestine, 95% of absorption occurs in terminal ilium, then lipids are taken up by liver and resecreted 4-6x/day |
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What is the most common manifestation of thiamine deficiency in the U.S.?
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Wernicke's encephalopathy
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