Clinicals

Front 1

What are the tissue appearances for CT, T1, T2

Back 1

Bone:W,B,B
CSF:B, B, W
Grey: LG, G, G
White: G, LG, B
Fat: G, W, W
Air: B,B,B
Muscle: W, B, B

Front 2

What is CT good for detecting?

Back 2

Acute, Subacute SAH, and tumors (enhanced)

Front 3

What is T1 good for detecting?

Back 3

Enhanced tumor, subacute infarct/ishcemia

Front 4

What is T2 good for detecting?

Back 4

Tumor/enhanced tumor, subacute+acute ischemia/infarct, edema

Front 5

What is a grade 1 astrocytoma?

Back 5

-Uncommon
- resemble differentiated astrocytes
- usually from fibrillary astrocyte, sometimes protoplasmic
- may form tumors containing fluid-filled cysts

Front 6

What is a grade 2 astrocytoma?

Back 6

- prominent processes filled with glial filaments
- infiltrate between axomns of white matter and cluster neurons in gray
- common in adults
- years b4 symptomatic
- may be aggressive after surgery

Front 7

What is a grade 3 astrocytoma?

Back 7

- large nuclei with dense chromatin
- uniformity appearance of nucleus lost
- dense blood vessels
- rapid growing malignant tumor, may have mitotic figures

Front 8

What is a grade 4 astrocytoma

Back 8

- aka glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
- spindled, elongated nuclei may have many mitotic figures
- can invade leptomeninges, spreading to other gyri
- cross hemisphere via corpus callosum
- sharp contrast between living and dead tumor tissue
- common in middle-aged and elderly
- survival time=weeks

Front 9

What is an oligodendroglioma?

Back 9

- found in brain lobes, not diencephalon or basal nuclei
- slow growing tumor
- tumor cells form sheets subdivided into units by capillar twigs
- large cluster around neuron, nodule of tumor beneath pia mater

Front 10

What is an ependyoma?

Back 10

- arise from ependymal cells
- found in 4th ventricle in children/adolescents
- in spinal cord (cervical) in adults
- less infiltrative than astrocytoma, easily dissected

Front 11

What is a lymphoma?

Back 11

- once thought to arise from microglia
- consist of B,T lymphocytes
- malignant cells reach CNS by breaching BBB
- frequent in pt that are immunodeficient
- Epstein-barr virus may play role
- success w/ medication/radiation

Front 12

What is a Medulloblastoma?

Back 12

- tumor that affects children
- contain cells that act like stem cells
- arise in cerebellar hemispheres consists of blue cells-(develop along several pathways)
- demonstrate unrestrained growth of embryonal cells
- must be treated aggressively

Front 13

What are benign brain tumors?

Back 13

- mengiomas and schwannoma
- causes problems as it pushes against tissue

Front 14

What are metastatic brain tumors?

Back 14

- magningant cells that arise from areas outside CNS
- can get dislodged at arteriole branches
- enzyme dissolve basement membrane and grow in brain matter
- Lung (most common, to brain), breast (to dura), prostrate (to spinal cord via Batson's venous plexus)

Front 15

What is Huntington's Chorea?

Back 15

1) Autosomal dominant involving chromosome 4
2) Involves Caudate and Putamen, glutamate excites neurons to death
3) movement disorder characterized by frequent, sudden, involuntary, purposeless, quick jerks of trunk extremities, and head w/ facial grimaces, also motor deficiencies

Front 16

What is Athetosis?

Back 16

1) "w/o position"
2) involves putamen
3) slow, writhing continuous wormlike movements of distal extremities (fingers)
4) Pt will have mix of chorea and athetosis (choreoathetosis)

Front 17

What is Ballism

Back 17

1) "jump/throw"
2) caused by CVA to subthalamus
2) sudden, quick, continuous, violent flinging movements of extremities.
3) hemiballisms contralateral to lesion side

Front 18

What are some treatments for Parkinson's?

Back 18

1) L-Dopa, with a compound that inhibits conversion into dopamine, must be able to cross BBB. Not permanent treatment.
2) Posteroventral Pallidotomy (PVP): ablate neurons of Globus Pallidus to reduce inhibition signaling to thalamus.
3) Implant stimulation into lateral ventral nucleus of thalamus to overcome inhibition stimulation from globus pallidus

Front 19

What is asymetrical tonic neck reflex?

Back 19

1)Reflex in newborn
2) Turn head results in extension of ipsilateral side, flexion of contralateral side
3) "fencing response"