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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychological intervention defined as?
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Psychological intervention is defined as a method of inducing changes in a person's behavior, thoughts, or feelings.
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What two issues are addressed when asking whether psychotherapy work?
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-Efficacy (relates to internal validity) and Effectiveness (relates to external validity)
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How does efficacy relate to internal validity?
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By controlling the types of clients in the studies and by standardizing the treatments.
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How does effectiveness relate to external validity?
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By considering whether the clients report clinically significant benefits from the treatment.
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What types of problems can be changed?
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It depends on the depth of the problem:
1. whether it's biologically determined 2. whether it's difficult to disconfirm the belief underlying it 3. whether the belief underlying it is powerful/general and can explain many facts |
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What are the features common to many types of therapy?
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1. the expert role (being competent)
2. release of emotions/catharsis 3. insight 4. release of anxiety 5. relationship between client and therapist 6. building competence in client 7. non-specific factors |
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What is curvilinear?
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-means that patients with little or extreme disturbance show poorer outcomes/less benefits than those with moderate disturbance.
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Why is therapy more helpful for more intelligent patients?
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More intelligence can mean:
1. Better verbal skills so the client can articulate the problem better 2. Better at establishing connections between events and problems 3. Better at introspection 4. Behavioral therapy, helpful when behavior needs to be changed rather than insight |
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How does age relate to how the client benefits from therapy?
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Younger tend to do better but it's best not to consider age alone, but rather the specific characteristics of the prospective client.
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What research is there on how gender relates to the outcome of therapy?
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Research does not support the view that the gender of the client is significantly related to the outcome in therapy. However, it may be important in some cases, for example a woman that's a rape-victim may do better with a woman therapist.
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What is the YAVIS syndrome?
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-bias where therapist may favor those patients who are: Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, and Successful
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How does race relate to outcome of therapy?
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-Many techniques have been designed for white middle and upper class patients.
-It is important that clinical psychology develop culturally sensitive therapists who can work effectively with culturally diverse populations. |
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What is the solution for a therapist to relate to all different ages?
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Therapists must become more sensitized to age, gender, and racial identity issues.
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What is the standard for initial contact with a patient?
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-Explain what the clinic is like and what kind of care can be given.
-Discuss client's reasons for coming -Fees, confidentiality, possible referral to other agency |
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In assessment, what is preliminary integration?
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-Comprehensive construction of client's problems using all the data available.
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What are the stages of change in therapy?
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Precontemplation
Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination |
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What is the goal of psychotherapy?
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To make the unconscious conscious.
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What was Freud's treatment called where patient laid on couch and talked about whatever came to their mind?
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The talking cure
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The talking cure eventually led to what method?
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Free association
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Psychic determinism holds that ____________
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everything we do has meaning and purpose and is goal-directed...AKA Freudian Slips.
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What are Freud's 2 instincts?
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Life Instincts (Eros)
and Death Instincts (Thanatos) |
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What are the 3 types of anxiety in psychotherapy?
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-Reality anxiety- based on real danger from the outside world.
-Neurotic anxiety- stems from a fear where id impulses will be uncontrollably expressed....aka "I will not be able to control myself" Moral anxiety- arises from feeling that one will not be able to conform to standards of conscience aka "I can't be good enough" |
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What are the ego defenses and are they helpful?
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Repression- banishment from consciousness of threatening material
Fixation- frustration and anxiety of next psychosexual stage are so intense that person remains at current level Regression- returning to earlier stage that earlier provided satisfaction Reaction formation- occurs when an unconscious impulse is expressed by it's behavioral opposite (ex. politician talking about family values, then caught with prostitute) Projection- persons unconscious feelings are attributed to another person Useful in moderation. |
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What are different methods of practicing psychotherapy?
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Free association - patient says anything that comes to mind
Transference - client transfers feelings of others to their therapist Catharsis - release of energy that can have therapeutic benefits Resistance - reluctance to discuss or think about events that are troubling/threatening |
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What is insight in psychotherapy and how is it achieved?
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-Total understanding of the unconscious
-Done by the working-through process. |
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What are the different types of content in dreams?
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-Manifest content - what actually happens during dream
-Latent content - dream's symbolic meaning |
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How are modern therapists trying to fill the void of the lack of emphasis on behavior in psychotherapy?
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by trying to foster both insight and behavioral alternatives in clients
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What are the economics of psychotherapy?
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Long and costly.
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What is Interpersonal Psychotherapy?
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-a brief, insight-oriented approach that has been applied primarily to treat depressive disorders, though also used for substance abuse and bulimia.
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When a psychoanalysis patient examines how many areas of his/her life have been influenced by feelings that had been unconscious prior to analysis, Freudians label this as
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working-through
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Why did Sigmund Freud pursue a private practice?
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He knew that as a Jew he would probably not advance far in research/academia, which was rife with anti-Semitism.
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What does phenomenology teach?
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-teaches that behavior is totally determined by the phenomenal field (everything experienced by the person at any given time)
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What is the phenomenological field?
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what the world is like for the person
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What is the goal in phenomenology?
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self-actualization - the basic human tendency toward maintaining and enhancing the self.
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What is 'self' in phenomenology?
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he awareness of one's being and functioning
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What are the core features of humanistic/phenomenology?
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-empathy - ability to understand and share the feelings of another
-unconditional positive regard - acceptance given with no disclaimers. unconditional. -congruence/genuineness - therapists express the feelings that the client stimulates in them |
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what are the dont's in the therapeutic process of phenomenology?
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don't give info or advice
don't use reassurance or persuasion don't ask questions don't offer interpretations don't make criticisms |
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how is diagnosis considered in phenomenology?
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diagnosis is considered to be detrimental
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What is existential therapy?
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views people as in search for meaning
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what is the crucial facet of personality in existential therapy?
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-decision making
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What is the phenomenological field?
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what the world is like for the person
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What is the goal in phenomenology?
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self-actualization - the basic human tendency toward maintaining and enhancing the self.
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What are the core features of humanistic/phenomenology?
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-empathy - ability to understand and share the feelings of another
-unconditional positive regard - acceptance given with no disclaimers. unconditional. -congruence/genuineness - therapists express the feelings that the client stimulates in them |
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what are pros and cons of phenomenology?
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pros:
-offered an alternative focus on self-determination -faster and cheaper -emphasis on relationship between client and therapist cons: -hard to be neutral -problems with the assumption that the client always knows what's best -may not work for all populations |
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What is existential therapy?
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views people as in search for meaning
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what is the crucial facet of personality in existential therapy?
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-decision making
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What is existential therapy?
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views people as in search for meaning
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what is the crucial facet of personality in existential therapy?
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-decision making
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how are guilt and decision making viewed in existential?
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as part of the essence of living
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what are the techniques of existential?
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does not emphasize techniques, however there are a few.
therapy is an encounter that should enable the client to come closer to experience. |
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what is logotherapy?
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technique that
-encourages the client to find meaning in what appears to be an uncaring world. -encourages client to take responsibility for his or her life |
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what is gestalt therapy?
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emphasis on the present experience and the immediate awareness of emotion and action.
individuals must develop an awareness of themselves and of the ways they defeat themselves. reality is now. behavior is now. experience is now. |
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how are dreams addressed in gestalt therapy?
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clinician attempts to get client to relive the dream now, in the room
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what are the main rules of gestalt therapy?
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-communication in the present
-communication between equals -use I rather than it |
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what are the pros and cons of phenomenological and humanistic/existential therapies?
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pros:
-brought therapists in touch with experience and awareness -reminders that we make choices -emphasis on the present -emphasis on relationship between client and Dr cons: -emphasis on feelings can be unreliable -can be hard to understand another person's subjective experience -disregard for assessment |
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the therapist is like a coach in what type of therapy?
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behavioral therapy
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what is behavioral therapy?
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a scientific approach for treating disorders based on conditioning or learning
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behavioral therapy is not going to be successful is the client
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expects it to fail
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What is the broad spectrum of treatment in behavioral therapy?
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a variety of specific techniques, not only for different clients but for the same client at different times
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What is systematic desensitization?
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behavioral technique for reducing anxiety in which patients practice relaxation while visualizing anxiety-provoking situations of increasing intensity. patient becomes desensitized to the stimulus.
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What is the anxiety hierarchy?
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in systematic desensitization, a list of situations the provoke anxiety ordered from lowest to highest. therapist moves client up gradually.
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What is exposure therapy?
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behavioral technique for reducing anxiety where patients expose themselves either in real life or in their imagination to the situation the spurs anxiety. ultimately, patient will habituate to his or her obsession, and the compulsive behavior will be extinguished.
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what is behavioral rehearsal?
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prepare client to accept behavior rehearsal as useful, selection of target situations
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what is contingency management?
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any one of several operant conditioning techniques that attempts to control a behavior by manipulating its consequences
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what are some examples of contingency management?
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-shaping (desired behavior is developed by rewarding any behavior that approximates it)
-time-out - undesirable behavior is removed by removing person temporarily from a situation in which the behavior is reinforced -contingency contracting - formal agreement or contract is struck -grandma's rule - first work, then play |
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what is aversion therapy?
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in behavioral, a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it's strength will diminish
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what are some examples of aversion therapy?
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-electrical stimulation
-antibuse |
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what is cognitive-behavioral therapy?
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-emphasizes the role of thinking in the creation and maintenance of problems. attempt to modify the patterns of thinking that are believed to contribute to problems, also may employ conditioning.
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What is RET?
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Rational-emotive therapy.
-ABC activating events or situations beliefs behavioral consequences goal is to make client confront their own illogical thinking |
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what is beck's cognitive therapy?
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steps might include cognitive rehearsal and work so that client can identify automatic thoughts that occur that are irrational.
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what is dialectical behavior therapy?
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-a cognitive behavioral therapy developed for borderline and similar disorders that teaches skills in mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.
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pros and cons of behavior therapy?
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pros:
-efficacy -efficiency -shorter series of consultations -more of a coach than therapist -empirically supported techniques cons: -not all behavioral methods or based on strong experimental evidence -critics consider it dehumanizing "you are manipulating people" -criticized as not producing any inner growth -radical behaviorists insist on the rejection of mental proceses -improvements on behavior does not last |
