Clinical/applied Anatomy Of The Thoracic Limb

Front 1

What is the most cranial aspect of the upper forelimb?

Back 1

Point of the shoulder

Front 2

What palpable process separates the lateral surface of the scapula?

Back 2

Spine of the scapula

Front 3

What is palpable distal end of the spine of the scapula just proximal to the point of the shoulder?

Back 3

Acromion

Front 4

How is the joint distal to the shoulder located?

Back 4

By flexing and extending it-elbow

Front 5

What is the palable large process proximal and caudal to the elbow joint?

Back 5

Olecrannon= point of the elbow

Front 6

How is the styloid process of the radius palpated?

Back 6

Flex antebrachiocarpal joint and feel distal end of radius on medial side

Front 7

What is the projection of the palmar and lateral side of the carpus?

Back 7

Accessory carpal bone

Front 8

What are the pads over the digital joints?

Back 8

digital pads

Front 9

What can the cat's clavicle be mistaken for in a lateral radiograph?

Back 9

Bone in the esophagus

Front 10

What is the location of most fractures of the humerus?

Back 10

Shaft

Front 11

What hinders retraction of the median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat?

Back 11

They pass through the supracondylar foramen.

Front 12

What can cause premature closure of the growth plate?

Back 12

Injury to physis (growth plate)

Front 13

What is the "quick" that bleeds if a horny claw is cut too short

Back 13

Artery in the dermis over ungual process

Front 14

How is cutting the quick prevented when trimming pigmented and unpigmented claws?

Back 14

Unpigmented:don't cut into visible pink cone;
pigmented: shave off layers until white area reached(just distal to quick) then use 1st to judge the rest

Front 15

What must be removed in a declaw to prevent regrowth?

Back 15

Ungual crest

Front 16

How is a declaw operation performed basically?

Back 16

Guillotine nail clipper;blade in dorsal- distal interphalangeal joint and other distal to digital pad

Front 17

What is a sequestrum?

Back 17

Piece of dead bone

Front 18

What is osteochondrosis?

Back 18

Disturbance of endochondral ossification affecting articular cartilage

Front 19

List 3 sites of osteochondrosis in the dog?

Back 19

1#)head of the humerus, trochlea of the humerus, medial coronoid process of the ulna, medial trochlea of talus, lateral condyle of the femur.

Front 20

What is an unhealed fracture, having all the structures of a synovial joint?

Back 20

False joint

Front 21

What is an articular separation called?

Back 21

luxation, subluxation or dislocation

Front 22

What is the most common site of osteochondrosis?

Back 22

Shoulder- head of the humerus

Front 23

What helps prevent luxation of the elbow of the dog?

Back 23

anconeal process in the olecrannon fossa

Front 24

Why is lateral luxation more likely in the dog's elbow?

Back 24

lateral epicondyle is smaller than medial epicondyle

Front 25

Define ununited anconeal process.

Back 25

Failure of anconeal process to unite with ulna after five months of age.

Front 26

What can cause degeneration of the elbow joint?

Back 26

Ununited anconeal process and fragmented medial coronoid process

Front 27

When does the anconeal process unite in German Shepherds?

Back 27

By five months

Front 28

What can fragmented medial coronoid process cause?

Back 28

Degeneration of the elbow joint.

Front 29

What is the lateral coronoid of the ulna used to determine in lateral radiographs?

Back 29

subluxation of the elbow

Front 30

What muscle is incised to open the elbow joint laterally?

Back 30

Anconeus

Front 31

Where are subcutaneous injections made?

Back 31

Through skin into superficial fascia

Front 32

How can pus move from one area to another?

Back 32

Along fascial planes

Front 33

How can a neck infection spread to the thorax?

Back 33

Migrate down fascial planes to the thorax.

Front 34

How do you determine unilateral atrophy of shoulder muscles?

Back 34

Compare muscles on both sides by palpation.

Front 35

How do dogs do on three limbs?

Back 35

Most adapt well, larger the animal the harder.

Front 36

Of what clinical importance are the superficial veins of the shoulder region

Back 36

Must be retracted or ligated in surgical approaches to shoulder.

Front 37

What is the easiest vein to use for venipuncture?

Back 37

Cephalic vein

Front 38

Where is venipuncture usually performed on the cephalic vein?

Back 38

In the forearm above the carpus; start distally so that if you "flub" you can move up the arm

Front 39

To puncture the external jugular vein, first go through the ----- parallel to the vein and then angle and insert the needle gently into the vein.

Back 39

Skin

Front 40

Why can't a tourniquet be effectively used in the middle of the antebrachium?

Back 40

Caudal interosseous is protected from occlusion by deep position between bones

Front 41

How is the superifical cervical lymph node palpated in a dog?

Back 41

Retract arm and palpate ln. deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to supraspinatus mm., just dorsal to level of acromion

Front 42

How is the accessory axillary lymph node palpated if it is present?

Back 42

Lay hand flat on thorax caudal to arm and stroke caudally

Front 43

Why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis?

Back 43

Phrenic nerve to diaphragm arises from brachial plexus

Front 44

What is the panniculus (cutaneous trunci) response?

Back 44

Contraction of cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of trunk

Front 45

What is the reflex arch for the panniculus response?

Back 45

Sensation from skin of trunk over thoracic and lumbar spinal nn. to spinal cord, up cord to lateral thoracic n., out to cutaneous trunci m.

Front 46

Clinically what is the panniculus response used to evaluate?

Back 46

Level of thoracic spinal cord damage

Front 47

What are the signs of complete avulsion of the brachial plexus?

Back 47

Complete paralysis, extended flaccid limb, unable to support weight and dragging dorsum of paw.

Front 48

Does sensation to the caudolateral aspect of the arm rule out complete brachial plexus avulsion? Why?

Back 48

No, b/c are innervated by the intercostobrachialis nn. which doesn't arise from the brachial plexus

Front 49

What is Sweeney?

Back 49

Atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm.= prominent scapular spine (suprascapular n. damage)

Front 50

What is the common and clinically significant nerve problem of the forelimb?

Back 50

Radial nerve paralysis

Front 51

What are the two types of radial nerve injury

Back 51

High and low radial nerve injury

Front 52

Where are high and low radial nerve injuries located?

Back 52

High:before triceps,
low: after triceps

Front 53

What are signs of high radial nerve paralysis?

Back 53

Inability to bear weight on limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over on digits

Front 54

To what common condition is low radial nerve paralysis a sequela?

Back 54

Fracture of the humerus

Front 55

What are two ways to tell if a nerve is damaged?

Back 55

Loss of skin sensation and loss of motor innervation (loss of function or spongy feel to muscles)

Front 56

What sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury?

Back 56

Loss of sensation on dorsal manus

Front 57

How is loss of sensory neurons determined?

Back 57

Analgesia (loss of sensation)