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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some typical responsibilities of clinical psychologists?
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Consulting
Research Teaching Testing Psychotherapy Workshops Writing Supervision Administrative work |
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Why is psychotherapy more difficult for clinical psychologists?
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There is more competition in the marketplace from counselors, social workers, etc.
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What makes clinical psychs unique from other mental health professionals?
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They can administer and interpret psychological tests
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What responsibilites of a clinical psychologist are more important now because of the influences of managed care?
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Workshops and writing for popular books, magazines, etc.
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In what areas do clinical psychs tend to supervise MA level clinicians?
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Ethical or clinical issues
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What is managed care?
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When an outside organizaiton helps reduce costs for company/corporation by having psychologists reduce their costs
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What are the repercussions of managed care?
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Making a lot less money and having to complete more paperwork to justify sessions; also need to find niches in marketplace to "sell" knowledge
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What are some of the positive aspects of having a PhD?
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1. Easier to get a teaching job
2. More respect in medical settings 3. Research opportunities |
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What are some of the downfalls of being a clinical psych?
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1. Not considered a "real doctor"
2. Many years of schooling 3. Low income relative to years of schooling |
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What are some differences with being a PsyD?
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1. Shorter than a PhD (4/5 years)
2. Money not usually available |
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What are the two approaches to graduate school applications?
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The shotgun and rifle
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What is the shotgun approach?
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The willingness to go wherever you can for graduate school
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What is the rifle approach?
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Choosing two programs and trying to get your foot in the door.
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What are some future directions of clinical psychology?
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1. Experimenting with new niches
2. Emphasis on positive and health psychology 3. Joining other professionals 4. Development of practices with many clinicians |
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What are the five clinical psychology subspecialitiies?
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Child Psychology
Health Psychology Neuropsychology Forensic Psychology Geropsychology |
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What are the stages of going to graduate school in psychology?
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Completion of a Master's thesis
Emphasis on applied clinical skills Clinical internship Dissertation |
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What are some difficulties once you complete your PhD?
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1. Starting at the bottom of the totem pole
2. Supervision for a year 3. Not a clear career path |
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What are five of the major irrational beliefs?
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1. I must have love and approval from all people I find significant.
2. If something is dangerous or fearsome, I must preoccupy myself with it and become anxious. 3. I have little ability to control or change my feelings. 4. My past has to keep influencing and determining my feelings and behavior. 5. Things are awful, terrible and catastrophic when I get frustrated, treated unfairly or rejected. |
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What are five of the major rational beliefs?
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1. I should concentrate on self-acceptance and loving instead of being loved.
2. I can change my emotional upsets by thinking about them rationally. 3. Worry about events will not make them disappear. I will do my best to deal with potentially tough situations and I will accept the inevitable where necessary. 4. Failure to get what I desire is seldom awful or intolerable. 5. I shouuld accept myself with human limitations; it is better to do often, than to do well. |
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What is the basic premise behind critical thinking?
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Giving up the idea that you are right.
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What do the Gestalt laws of organization have to do with critical thinking?
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The idea that our brains are pre-wired to impose structure on reality, but they aren't always correct - we need to have some doubt and be curious.
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Why is critical thinking useful?
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It counteracts our tendency to believe we are correct.
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What are the two types of "crazy" thinking?
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Delusions and ideologies.
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What is a delusion?
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A false belief that is either trivial or significant.
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What is an ideology?
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Similar to a delusion, involves religious and political beliefs that are held by more than just a single person.
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What are the three common characteristics of delusions and ideologies?
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They are untestable.
People are committed to their beliefs. Distortion of reality is preferred to changing the beliefs. |
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What does it mean to be committed to something?
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You aren't willing to see you may be wrong.
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What does it mean to be convinced of something?
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You are open to other possibilities, but you take comfort in where you currently stand.
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What are some false beliefs that people currently have that have not been subject to much critical thinking?
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Beliefs about ourselves that are rooted in family dynamics; false beliefs of the world that are held by those around us so we never question them (religion, for example)
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What is science?
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The willingness to question and test any belief.
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What are some beliefs held by scientists?
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Everything is open to question.
Beliefs are subject to empirical testing and rational debate. Rational certainty is impossible. |
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What is important to keep in mind for critical thinking?
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Your perceptual frame of reference.
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What are the four directions of critical thinking?
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1. Potential conflicts with other ideas.
2. Implications and consequences. 3. Assumptions and evidence. 4. Origin or source of knowledge. |
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What are some reasons that having a diagnosis can be useful?
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1. Communication among professionals.
2. Research in psychopathology. 3. Reassurance for client. 4. Facilitating treatment. |
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What are the three aspects to diagnoses and research?
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1. Etiology
2. Treatment 3. Comorbidity |
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What is etiology?
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Causes of a disorder
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What are some disadvantages to a diagnosis?
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Giving the impression that we have more knowledge than we actually do.
Creating the impression that disorders actually exist. Potentially stigmatizing. Diagnosis might be the end in itself. |
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Why can diagnoses give the idea that we have more knowledge than we do?
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There is actually little precision in clinical psychology in terms of reliability and validity.
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What are the three potential roles for a psychologist?
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A diagnostician role
Psychotherapist role Researcher role |
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What are the key components for the psychotherapist role?
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facilitating active participation and self-direction by the client
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How many axes are discussed in the DSM?
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Five axes
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What are the axes?
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Major Clinical Disorders
Personality and Mental Retardation Medical conditions Psychosocial stressors GAF |
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What is the projective hypothesis?
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People project their personalities onto ambiguous tasks or situations.
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What is the characteristic way of making decisions?
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our personality
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What are three examples of projective testing?
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Human figure drawing
TAT Rorschach inkblot test |
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What are some responses of normal, well-adjusted individuals to projective tests?
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Be appropriate or realistic
Reflect positive/happy themes Reasonable effort Varied themes |
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What are some characteristics of objective tests?
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Stimuli are concrete and you are scored
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What is the major organization associated with scientific practice?
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The APA
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What is the mission of the ABCT?
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To relieve human suffering by designing, testing, developing and disseminating culturally sensitive methods that work effectively
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What is the Boulder Model?
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Psychologists need to have background in both research and clinical skills
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What is the model type associated with Boulder?
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Scientist practitioner idea
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When was the conference at Boulder?
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1949
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What is the model associated with the Vail Model?
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Alternative training model
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What method of education was supported by the Vail Model?
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PsyD
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What distinction was made at the Vail conference?
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PhD versus PsyD
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When was the Vail Conference?
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1973
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What is science?
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empirical methods are used to identify, study and test objective phenomena
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On what does science rely heavily upon?
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Operational definitions and replicable techniques
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What is theory?
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A general principle formulated to explain a group of related phenomena which can not be proven
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What is practice?
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Putting knowledge and skills to use
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What is the purpose of clinical psychology?
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To alleviate maladjustment, disability or discomfort.
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What is IO psychology?
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Deals with industrial problems concerning employment rewards, employee practices and working conditions.
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What is positive psychology?
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Scientific study of ordinary human strengths and virtues.
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What do PsyDs tend to use for dissertation methodology?
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Case studies and qualitative methods.
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What do EdDs focus on?
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School and educational settings; focus on psychoeducational and occupational settings
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How is licensure obtained?
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Through state license boards with their own qualifications
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What is the ABPP?
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American Board of Professional Psychology
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What is the purpose of the ABPP?
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To protect public to make sure individuals have the skills to deliver services and practice in a certain area
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Why is licensure important for psychologists?
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For financial reimbursement from insurance companies, distinction from colleagues and reciprocity between boards
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What is the purpose of pediatric psychologists?
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Help children deal with chronic illnesses, behavioral change for prevention of weight gain, impending surgery, etc.
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What does geropsychologists deal with?
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Older people with medication use and compliance, death, systemic issues, etc.
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What is the purpose of rehab psychology?
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Working with patients who have suffered disability and viewing the assets of the person as a whole package; aims to broaden the opportunities of people with disabilities.
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What are some reasons that people seek psychological help?
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Interpersonal or intrapersonal difficulties
Extreme individual behaviors or feelings Difficulty adjusting to new environments |
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What are the three perspectives?
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Biological
Sociological Psychological |
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What is the key aspect to the sociological perspective about why people seek help?
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Community breakdown and social disorganization
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What are the two ways of coding psychopathology?
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Dsm and ICD
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What is the ICD?
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The International Classification of Disease
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What are some disorders of infancy, childhood and adolescence?
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ADHD
Mental retardation Learning Disabilities ODD Conduct Disorder |
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What are some characteristics of children with ADHD?
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lack of attention and a high level of activitiy
failure to pay attention to instructions, school work, etc. difficulty carrying out tasks and staying organized |
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What defines conduct disorder?
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repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates social norms or personal spaces
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What defines mental retardation?
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Subaverage intellectual functioning
Concurrent deficits in age group expectations Originates before the age of 18 |
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What can cause delirium, dementia or other cognitive disorders?
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Temporary or permanent changes to the structure, functioning or metabolism of the brain.
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What are the objectives of clinical research?
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Build a foundation for understanding normal and abnormal behavior and determine which interventions are effective under which conditions
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What are the two artificial anchors for research?
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High-constraint and low-constraint
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What is high-constraint?
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Methods and designs where conditions, variables and participants are screened and selected based on targeted characteristics
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What is low-constraint?
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Studies that use methods or designs where the research observes people in their natural surroundings
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What are the input variables in experimental studies?
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Independent variables
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What is the dependent variable?
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The output variable
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What is the purpose of qualitative research?
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Expand and broadens the understanding of a topic or a phenomenon with a small number of participants.
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What are ABAB designs?
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Where the causal effects of multiple variables are studied on one person
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What is a case study?
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An intensive study of a single person, group, society, etc. not usually based on quantitative data
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What are some criticisms of manuals?
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seen as "cookbooks" because they do not address individual differences; can not teach therapists how to think, when to challenge, and when to sit back and wait; therapy is very individualistic
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What is the purpose of diagnostic assessment?
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Differentiate between "normal" and "abnormal" behavior, symptoms and classify individuals based on prevention of disease
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What are descriptive assessments?
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Aim to learn more about a client's cognitive and psychosocial functioning, academic achievement, personality, behavior, etc.
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What are prediction assessments?
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Predict client's future behaviors, or the effect/impact that situations will have on this person
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What is the definition of personality?
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Stable, enduring characteristics that uniquely define a person's ways of being or viewing life situations, the world and others in it
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What is the foundation of the biopsychosocial systems model?
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The assumption that individuals are complex, and the interplay between biology, cognition, social factors, and environment determine daily functioning and well-being
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What are some of the 'target' domains of the biopsychosocial model?
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Biology
Social environment Behaivor Cognition Affect |
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What are some components of biology in the biopsychosocial model?
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age, sex, heart rate, somatic symptoms
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What is mood?
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General feeling state
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What is affect?
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Temporary feeling state
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Why is affect important in the biopsychosocial model?
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Used to identify cues to changes in individual's thoughts/actions
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What are important components of behavior in the biopsychosocial model?
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healthy and unhealthy behaviors, communication, recreational behaviors and occupational behaviors
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What aspects of cognition are important for biopsychosocial model?
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Attention, perception, memory, language, reasoning, etc.
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What is acculturation?
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set of internal psychological outcomes, such as having a clear sense of personal and cultural identity, good health and achievement of personal satisfaction
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What are the elements of clinical psychology?
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Science
Theory Integrating the elements Practice |
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What are the four components of the scientific method?
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guiding question, development of hypotheses, experiment/observation to collect data and interpretation of results from the experiment
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When at is a theory?
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A general principle formulated to explain a group of related phenomena
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What is behavioral neuropsychology?
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Application of behavior therapy techniques to problems of impaired individuals using a neuropsychological assessment and intervention perspective
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What is primary prevention?
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attempts to reduce the probability that a mental or physical health problem will develop
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What is secondary prevention?
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early identification and treatment of an existing disease or mental health condition
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What is local clinical science?
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Clinicians adopt an outcome-focused treatment plan and apply research methodology on a case-by-case basis
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What is risk versus resources equals response?
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describes someone's reaction to a potentially dangerous situation
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What are the major aims of assessments?
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Gather information and enable classification, description, and comprehension/evaluation of current circumstances
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