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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dyspnea
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"Shortness of Breath"
Uncomfortable and abnormal awareness of breathing Sensation of not getting enough air. |
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Orthopnea
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Dyspnea when lying in a supine position.
Relieved by sitting up |
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Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
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Sudden onset of dyspnea after a few hours of sleep in the supine position.
(Same as Orthopnea, but with nocturnal respiratory drive suppression) |
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Peripheral Edema
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Puffy swelling of ankles/feet: pitting edema. If severe, may ascend to thighs, scrotum, lower abs, sacrum.
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Angina Pectoris
(symptoms) |
1) Locatoin: Commonly retro-sternal
2) Quality: pressure, burning, "indigestion", "choking" 3) Radiation: may radiate to neck, jaws, arms, shoulders, back 4) Associated symptoms: nausea, sweating, dyspnea, anxiety 5) Often provoked by effort or stress, relieved by rest. |
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Angina Pectoris
(history) |
In obtaining a history of angina, it's critical to differentiate between stable angina (no change in pattern over months) or unstable angina, new onset or recent increase in severity/frequency.
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Angina Pectoris
(mechanism) |
Imbalance between myocardial O2 supple and demand (ischemia). Most common cause is CAD. May also be caused by a marked increase in O2 demand, eg, severe hypertension, aortic stenosis, severe tachycardia.
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Pleuritic Pain
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Positional, increased with inspiration (pericarditis, pleuritis)
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Pain of aortic dissection
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Very severe, "tearing", "ripping", radiates to back, unrelenting
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Palpitations
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Abnormal Awareness of the heart beat
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Palpitations
(Mechanism) |
Perception of changes in heart rate/rhythm/SV.
Have patient define rate and rhythm |
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Syncope
(and near syncope) |
Sudden abrupt loss of conscious postural tone.
(Near Syncope: the sensation of almost passing out) |
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Syncope vs Seizure
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Find witness to describe the event. Any prodromal symptoms or palipitations? any movement suggestive of seizure? Loss of bladder/bowel control? self injury?
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Fatigue, Exercise intolerance
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Constant feeling of "tiredness" and loss of ability to do activites that were previously possible.
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Fatigue, Exercise intolerance
(Mechanism) |
Low Cardiac Output at rest or inability to increase cardiac output w/ exercise.
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Cardiac Risk Factors
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1) Hypertension
2) Diabetes 3) Dyslipidemia (High LDL, low HDL, high tg) 4) Family History: CAD, heart surg, "balloon angio", sudden death, chest pain, heart failure, congenital heart disease 5) Menopausal, peri-menopausal 6) Smoking 7) Sedentary life 8) Depression 9) HIV/AIDS 10 Drugs w/ cardiac side effects alcohol birth control pills cocaine chemotherapy IV drug abuse "Phen-fen" weight loss drugs. |
