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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Dyspnoea
Definition Possible causes |
Shortness of breath
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Respiratory, Cardiac, Anaemia, Non-cardiorespiratory - hyperventilation, aspirin over-dose
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Tachypnoea
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Increased rate of respiration
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Sputum
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Matter expectorated from the respiratory system and especially the lungs and bronchi. Can contain mucus, pus, blood, fibrin, micro-organisms
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Haemoptysis
Definition Possible causes |
Expectoration of blood from some part of the respiratory tract
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Infarction, Malginancy, Pulmonary embolism, Bronchitis, Bronchial carcinoma, Pneumonia, Bronchiectasis
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Wheeze
Definition Possible causes |
To breathe with difficulty - Heard on expiration
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Asthma
Lower airway obstruction Beware of silent chest - airways have closed |
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Stridor
Definition Possible causes |
A harsh vibrating sound heard during respiration in cases of obstruction of the air passages
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Upper airway obstruction
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Clubbing
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Bulbous enlargements of the tip of the finger with a convex overhanging nail
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Associated with disease of the respiratory (hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy--> caused by lung carcinomas and pleural fibromas), cardiovascular or gastrointestinal system.
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Cyanosis
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A bluish or purpleish discoloration due to deficient oxygenation of the blood
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Lymphadenopathy
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Abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes
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Kyphosis
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Exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic region of the spinal column resulting in a rounded upper back
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Scoliosis
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A lateral curvature of the spine
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Vocal resonance
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The sound of ordinary speech as heard through the chest wall
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Vocal fremitus
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A vibration felt on palpation caused by speaking
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Vesicular breath sounds
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A normal sound of rustling or swishing heard with a stethoscope over the lung periphery. Higher pitch during inspiration and fades rapidly during expiration.
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Bronchial breathing
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Breath sounds of a harsh or blowing quality. Expiratory sounds are louder, deeper pitch and longer than inspiratory sounds
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Epistaxis
Definition Possible causes |
Nose bleeds
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Dilatation of vessels in the heat or sun --> Hypotension
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Myalgia
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Muscle pain
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Pemberton's sign
What to look for Possible causes |
The the patient to put their arms above their head and hold them there.
Leads to: - facial flushing - neck vein distension - stridor - respiratory distress - cyanosis |
Causes:
- Retrosternal goitre - Retrosternal mass - SVC obstruction |
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Pleuritic chest pain
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Chest pain on coughing or inspiration
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Asbestos related disease
Cancer Chest trauma Pulmonary embolism Rheumatoid arthiritis Lupus |
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Splinter haemorrhages
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Linear heamorrhages lying parallel to the long axis of the nail
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Infective endocarditis
Sepsis in any part of the body Profound anaemia |
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Osler's nodes
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Red, raised, tender palpable nodules of the pulp of the fingers or toes or on the thenar or hyporthenar eminences
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Infective endocarditis
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Janeway Lesions
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Non-tender, erythematous lesions containing bacteria
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Infective endocarditis
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Tendon Xanthomata
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Yellow, orange deposits of lipids in the tendons
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Hyperlipidaemia
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Tracheal tug
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The trachea moves down with each inspiration
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gross over-expansion of the chest due to airflow obstruction such as COPD
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Horner's syndrome
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Droopy eyelids (ptosis), constriction of the pupil on the same side.
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Indicates a problem with the sympathetic nervous system.
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Flapping tremor (Asterixis)
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Ask patient to dorsiflex their hands with the arms outstretched and spread their fingers.
Flapping will occur in 2-3 second cycles |
Indicates severe carbon dioxide retention (severe COPD)
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Facial plethora
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Red cheeks
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Cushing's syndrome
Smoker SVC obstruction |
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Barrel chest
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Large chest - increased anteroposterior diameter
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Big lungs --> Asthma or COPD
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Pneumonia
Definition Signs and symptoms |
Infection of the lung parenchyma
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Sudden onset: malaise, chest pain, dyspnoea, fever
Reduced expansion of the chest of the affected side Vocal fremitus: increased vibration of the affected side Percussion: Dull Breath sounds: Bronchial X-ray: Lung full of pus so white on x-ray |
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Pulmonary fibrosis
Definition Signs and symptoms |
Scarring or thickening of the lungs
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Auscultation: Crackles in the lungs
Percussion: Makes lungs smaller Investigations: Evident in lung function tests |
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Pursed lip breathing
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sign of COPD
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Carbon dioxide retention
Symptoms |
Warm hands
Asterixis/flapping tremor |
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X-ray checklist
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Name
Sex Date on X-ray Type of exposure Rotation View Look at left and right side and make sure all the organs are in the right side |
Airways - trachea at midline?
- deviation? - film rotation? Bones - symmetry Cardiac shadow - <50% Diaphragm - right side higher because of liver - costophrenic angle--> effusion? - cardiophrenic angle --> cardiomegaly? --> elevation of the liver? --> depression - emphysema? Effusion - empty spaces? - edges of the heart? Fields - upper, middle, lower, interstitial markings Gastric bubble - on the left Hilum - trachea, bifurcation, left higher than right Incidentals - breast implants, tubes? |
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Bottle shaped heart
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pericardial effusion
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Subcutaneous emphysema
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bubbles under the skin
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Jaundice (aka Icterus)
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Yellowish staining of the skin, sclera and conjunctiva
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- Too much bilirubin in the blood for the liver to process (heamolytic anaemia)
- A defect in the liver preventing bilirubin from being converted - Blockage of the bile ducts preventing bile and bilirubin from travelling to be excreted. |
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Haematemesis
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Vomiting blood
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Bleeding in the oesophagus, stomach or duodenum
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Melaena
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Black tarry stools, bad smell
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Bleeding in the early GIT, before the splenic flexure --> oesophague, stomach, duodenum
Often caused by acute or chronic peptic ulceration |
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty swallowing
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Dyspepsia
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Upset stomach - upper abdominal pain - often associated with GORD
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Anorexia
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Loss of appetite
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Constipation
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Hard and infrequent stools
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Flatus/Flatulence
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Expulsion of gas from the bowels
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Ascites
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Abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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- liver cirrhosis
- intra-abdominal malignancy - nephrotic syndrome - constrictive pericarditis - tuberculous peritonitis |
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Peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
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Odynophagia
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painful swallowing
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