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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freud's theory of personality: 2 parts
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consists of 1)structural (drive) theory and a developmental theory.
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Freud's structural theory
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personity has three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego.
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Id
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Freud. Part of structural theory of personality. Id operates on the basis of the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual drives. PRESENT at BIRTH
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Ego
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Freud. Part of structural theory of personality. Ego operates on the basis of the reality principle: it defers gratification of the id's instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality and it employs SECONDARY PROCESS THINKING which is char by realistic,rational thinking and planning. MEDIATES b/t the id and superego. Dev'ps around 6 MONTHS of age.
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Superego
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4-5 YEARS. Internalization of society's values and standards as conveyed to the child by his or her parents or thru rewards and punisments. Supergo attempts to PERMANENTLY block the id's socially unacceptable drives.
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Freud's Developmental Theory
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Part of his personality theory. Indiv's personality is formed during childhood as the result of certain experiences that occur during FIVE predetermined psychosexual stages of dev't--oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. During each stage the id's libido (sexual energy) is focused on a different part of the body. Over or Under gratification is assoicated with dif personality outcomes.
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5 Psychosexual Stages
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1)Oral 2)Anal 3)Phallic 4)Latency 5) Genital
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Defense mechanisms
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Assoc. with Freud. When the ego is unable to ward off danger thru rational, realistic means, it may resort to defense mechanisms. TWO CHARACTERISTICS: op at the unconscious level and serve to deny of distort reality
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Repression
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The most "basic" defense mechanism, underlies all others, occurs when the id's drives and needs are excluded from conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious
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Reaction Formation
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Defense Mech. Avoiding an anxiety evoking instinct by expressing it's opposite.
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Freud's view of maladaptive bx
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psychopathology stems from unconscious, unresolved conflict that occurred in childhood.
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Freudian Goals
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Bring the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrate prev repressed material into the personality
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Freudian Techniques
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Analysis--main targes of analysis are the client's free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences. Analysis includes CLARIFICATION, CONFRONTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND WORKING THROUGH
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Psychic Determinism
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Freud's belief that all bxs are meaningful and serve some psychological purpose (e.g., parapraxes or slips of the tongue)
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Clarification
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Restating the client's remarks and feelings in clearer terms
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Confrontation
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making statements that help the client see his bx in a new way
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Interpretation
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goes a step further than confrontation by more explicitly connecting current bx to uncons processes
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Working Through
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improvement in psychoanalysis is attributed to a combo of catharsis (emotional reease), insight into the relationship between unconscious processes and current bx, and WORKING THROUGH which is where the client gradually assimilates the new insights into his personality
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ADLER COMPARED TO FREUD
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Adler disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the role of unconscious instinctual forces in the development of personality and with Freud's lack of attention to social factors. Adler agreed that all bx is purposeful, but thought it was largely motivated by a person's FUTURE goals rather than determined by past events
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Adler's Individual Psych--Key concepts of his Personality Theory
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Key concepts include INFERIORITY FEELINGS, STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY, STYLE OF LIFE, AND SOCIAL INTEREST
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Inferiority feelings
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Adler. Dev'p during childhood as the result of real or perceived biological, psychological, or social weaknesses
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Striving for Superiority
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Adler. Inherent tendency twoard "perfect completion."
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Style of Life
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Adler. The specific ways that a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and to achieve superiority determines his SOL, which unifies the various aspects of the personality. SOL can be HEALTHY or UNHEALTHY
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Social Interest
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Adler. the primary characteristic that differentiates healthy and unhealthy styles of life.
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Adler's view of maladaptive bx
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mental disorders represent a mistaken style of life, which is characterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, a preoccupation with achieving personal power and a lack of social interest.
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Adlerian Therapy Goals and Techniques
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Collaborative relationship with client. Help client identify and understand his SOL and its consequences. Reorient the client's beliefs and goals so that they support a more adaptive lifestyle. Done through Lifestyle Investigation
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Lifestyle Investigation
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Adlerian technique. Used to identify the nature of the client's SOL and yields infor about the client's family constellation, fictional (hidden) goals, and "basic mistakes" (distorted beliefs and attitudes)
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Systematic Training for Effective Teaching
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Application of Adlerian principals. All bx is goal-directed and purposeful. The misbx of children is viewed as having one of four goals--attention, power, revenge, or to display deficiency--with each goal reflecting a desire to belong accompanied by faulty beliefs as to what is needed in order to belong.
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JUNG VS ADLER VS FREUD
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Like Adler, adopted a broader view of personality development and defined libido as GENERAL psychic energy. Believed that bx is determined by PAST events but ALSO by FUTURE goals and aspirations. Also, viewed personality dev't as CONT THRU OUT THE LIFE SPAN, and was most interested in growth after the mid 30s (Freud focused on the first 6 years of life)
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Jung's personality theory
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Personality is the consequence of both CONSCIOUS and UNCONSCIOUS factors.
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Jung's Defn of Conscious
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Conscious is oriented toward the external world, governed by the ego, and represents the indiviudal's thoughts, ideas, feelings, sensory perceptions and memories.
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Jung's Defn of Unconscious
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The unconscious is made up of the personal unc and the collective unc. Personal=experiences that were once conscious but are now repressed or forgotten. COLLECTIVE=latent memory traces that are passed down from one generation to the next
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Collective Unconscious
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JUNG. Passed down from one generation to the next. Includes achetypes (primordial images) that cause ppl to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way
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Archetypes
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JUNG. SELF---represents a striving for unity of the dif parts of personality including the PERSONA (public mask), the SHADOW (dark side of personality), the ANIMA (feminine side of personality) and the ANIMUS (masculine side)
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Individuation
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JUNG. Key concept of Jung's personality theory. =integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of one's psyche, leading to the dev't of a unique identity.
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JUNG's view of maladaptive bx
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Symptoms are unconscious messages to the individual that something is awry with him and that present him with a task that demads to be fulfilled
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Jung's therapy goals and techniques
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Rebridge the gap b/t consc and unconsc. Relies primarily on INTERPRETATIONS that are designed to help the client b/c aware of his inner world. Particularly interested in DREAMS AND DREAM INTERPRETATION. Focus is on the HERE AND NOW
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Jung's view of TRANSFERENCE
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Projections of the personal and collective unconscious, the ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE is a crucial part of therapy
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Objects Relations Theorists
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Margaret MAHLER, Melanie KLEIN, Ronald FAIRBAIRN, Otto, KERNBERG
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MAHLER'S view of personality
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Object relations theorist. 1st month of life=normal autism. 2nd-3rd months=normal symbiosis (fused with mother, does not differentiate b/t I and I-NOT), 4th month=start of the actual development of object relations during this SEPARATION-INDIVIDUATION phase. Followed by a CONFLICT b/t indep and dep (manifests as separation anxiety). By AGE 3, the child has a permanent sense of self and object and is able to perceive others as both sep and related.
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