Clinical Psychology

Front 1

In Gestalt therapy, introjection refers to:

Back 1

A boundary disturbance that involves assimilating information, beliefs, and values without really understanding them.

Front 2

Empirical criterion keying is a method for:

Back 2

Choosing items for a test on the basis of the items' ability to differentiate between groups (e.g. depressed/non-depresed) The MMPI was developed this way.

Front 3

Describe the basic principles of "feminist therapy":

Back 3

Assumes sexism and oppressive social roles underlie womens so-called pathology. Focuses on power differential between therapists and clients.

Front 4

In the view of reality therapy, psychological problems are due to:

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An inability to responsibly and adequately meet one's basic needs (survival, belonging, power, fun, and freedom)

Front 5

A person with obsessive-compulsive neurosis is likely to use which defense mechanisms?

Back 5

Reaction-formation, isolation of affect, and undoing.

Front 6

According to Jung, people turn from an extroverted process to an introverted one at the age of:

Back 6

Around 40, the midpoint of life.

Front 7

As compared to Freud, the ego analysts (Klein, Fairbairn, Kernberg, Kohut, Mahler and Winnicott)placed greater emphasis on:

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The ego's role in personality development.

Front 8

Adler's concept of "masculine protest" refers to:

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The idea that every child experiences feelings of inferiority which supply the motivation to grow, dominate, and be supportive.

Front 9

Fritz Perl's Gestalt therapy and theory of personality emphasizes:

Back 9

Boundary disturbances (introjection, deflection, and confluence)

Front 10

Emic approach to study of a culture:

Back 10

Studying a culture from the inside and seeing it as its members do

Front 11

Accorind to Wren, a "culturally-encapsulated" therapist:

Back 11

Defines the world in terms of his own cultural beliefs.

Front 12

Define the miracle and scaling questions used by solution-focus therapists:

Back 12

Miracle- asks client to imagine his problems were gone.
Scaling - asks family members to rate a situation to see how others perceive a problem

Front 13

In Minuchin's Structural Theory, triangulation refers to:

Back 13

When each parent attempts to have the child side with him or her

Front 14

In Minuchin's Structural Theory, enmeshment refers to:

Back 14

Results from very unclear boundaries that promote dependence

Front 15

In Minuchin's Structural Theory, joining refers to:

Back 15

A therapeutic technique used to blend in with family system

Front 16

In Minuchin's Structural Theory, detouring refers to:

Back 16

A type of boundry problem in which the spouses avoid tension between themselves by blaming or overprotecting their child.

Front 17

What is Network Therapy and who is appropriate for?

Back 17

Therapist acts as a catalyist who intiates the process and brings the clients friends, and family together to implement the process. Used for Native Americans.

Front 18

Using a psychoanalytic approach, the sequence of interventions would be:

Back 18

Confrontation, Clarification, Interpretation,
Working through.

Front 19

Collaborative empiricism refers to:

Back 19

According to Beck, the collaborative relationship between client and therapist, using a ration, logical aproach to examine the client's thoughts and assumptions

Front 20

In the symmetrical pattern of communication..

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there is equality between the two parties (which can result in competition and conflict)

Front 21

In the complimentary pattern of communication..

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there is inequality between the partners, with one assuming the dominant role

Front 22

Research in the last 20 years on ethnic matching of client and therapist has shown:

Back 22

Increased treatment length and decreased dropout rates, particluarly for Asians, and less so for blacks.

Front 23

Selective abstraction refers to:

Back 23

According to Beck, it refers to focusing on a detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information (doing poorly in one class = stupid)

Front 24

In Minuchin's Structural Theory, coalition refers to:

Back 24

when there is an aliiance (usually covert) between two family members against a third family member

Front 25

According to psychotherapy outcome research, what percentage of therapy clinets shows measureable improvement?

Back 25

75%

Front 26

According to Yaalom, the most important criterion for selection into a group is:

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motivation

Front 27

Research on Asians show the best predictor of higher achievement is:

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fear of failure

Front 28

What do most psychotherapists report asthe primary source of stress from their work?

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lack of therapeutic success

Front 29

Research shows that new immigrants to the US, are most likely to experience symptoms of psychiatric disorders:

Back 29

about one or two years after they arrive in the US (rlated to the "social displacement syndrome")

Front 30

Research suggests that minority adolescents are more likely than whites to be in which ethnic identity stage?

Back 30

Foreclosure

Front 31

Experts recommend which apprach when working with black families?

Back 31

Multisystems (includes extended family & ensures that social, political and societal factors are considered)

Front 32

Acc. to Yalom, catharsis in group therapy

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is helpful, primarily as a means of achieving other ends (facilitates group cohesviness, interpersonal learning)

Front 33

Acc. to Beck, suicidal individuals are characteized as hopeless and

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poor problem-solving skills

Front 34

Weitz found in his research on therapy outcomes for children & adolescents:

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therapy is more beneficial for adolescnts than children, especially among girls

Front 35

In more severe cases of depression, Beck's cognitive therapy initialy focuses on:

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Behavioral tasks to increase activity level

Front 36

Biofeedback exerts its relaxing effect on which system?

Back 36

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 37

From the perspective of psychoanalytic theory, mania represents:

Back 37

defese against depression

Front 38

From a humanistic perspective. pathology is due to:

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defenses that interfere with one's natural tendency toward personal growth

Front 39

An elevate F score indicates

Back 39

the testee is being careless, or deliberatly malingering

Front 40

In Rational Emotive Therapy, what determines behavior?

Back 40

Beliefs (and irrational beliefs determine maladaptive behaviors)

Front 41

Stress inoculation involves:

Back 41

1)Education about how maladptive responses interfre with proper coping
2)Better responses are taught (possibly through modeling)
3)Have person attempt to cope on own gradually

Front 42

Multiple aptitude batteries such as the DAT, & GATB assess:

Back 42

skills, abilities, or aptitudes, and allows a counselor to help a client choose an educational or vocational course of action

Front 43

When applied to teaching children, gestalt psychology emphsizes:

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learning patterns

Front 44

Deficits on the Stroop test indicate

Back 44

Loss of rsponse inhibition following frontol lobe damage

Front 45

Sue (1991) found using a Glonal Asssessment Scale, less favorable treatment outcomes for which ethnic group?

Back 45

African Americans

Front 46

Therapies for the elderly:

Back 46

Validation therapy:acknowledges feelings whether or not they are reality-based
Reminiscence Therapy: reviewing important life events with client
Reality Orientation: reversing/preventing cognitive impairments & maximizing remaining capabilities

Front 47

In terms of worldview, Sue & Sue posit that minority groups are likely to exhibit an:

Back 47

Internal locus of control
& External locus of responsibility

Front 48

LaFromboise & Foster suggest incorporating multiculti training into counseling programs by:

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Integrating cross-cultural content throughout the curricullum

Front 49

Cognex & Aricept are used to treat Alzheimer's by:

Back 49

increasing ACh levels

Front 50

Individuals who rerieve memories under hypnosis, compared to non-hypnotized individuals:

Back 50

Tend to have more confidence in their memories, but be less accurate in recalling memories

Front 51

Reciprocity hypothesis:

Back 51

people tend to like others who like them

Front 52

Matching hypothesis

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proposes that people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other

Front 53

In psychotherapy outcome research, factors that appear most responsible for lack of improvement are:

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Client factors

Front 54

Self instruction is most useful for:

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Hyperactive/impulsive children (form of CBT which encourages focusing on their self statements & altering their self-defeating statements)

Front 55

How to handle transference?

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Analyst: Interpret
Gestalt: Challenge
Rogerian: Ignore

Front 56

The Neo-Freudians emphasize:

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social & cultural factors that influence personality

Front 57

Jungian's consider the part of the personal & collective unconscious that is projected out to be the_____

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transference

Front 58

Individuals with antisocial personality are most influenced by:

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Money

Front 59

Family Therapist Leaders

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Framo = object relations
Falloon = behavioral marital
Whitaker = humanistic
Kempler = Gestalt
Liberman = behavioral

Front 60

Projective Identification

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projecting feelings onto objects and then identifying with the object

Front 61

Introjection (OR)

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involves assimilation of parts of an object as part of oneself (usually good, to reduce anxiety, but could be bad parts to gain control over them)

Front 62

Enculturation (Berry)

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the acquisition of qualities necessary to function as a member of one's group, involves 3 types of culture transmission
1)Vertical - influence from parents
2)Horizontal -peers
3)Oblique - other adults, society

Front 63

Research on ethnic use of mental health services has found:

Back 63

Hispanic, Asians = underutilize
Blacks = overutilize

Front 64

Acc. to Kohut, the roots of narcissism, lies in

Back 64

the excessively unempathic responses of the child's self-object (mom)

Front 65

In brief, psychodynamic therapy, postive transference is

Back 65

useful for maximizing a client's motivation, thus important to establish

Front 66

Techniques to use in counseling Mexican-Americans

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Using a high-context xommunication style (relying on non-verbal comm., and shared meanings), relying on inner externalizations of problems, using metaphors & humour, using compliments

Front 67

Age group with lowest prevalence of disorders

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Older adults (65+)

Front 68

According to Nancy Chodorow:

Back 68

Girls are taught to remain attached to their mothers, while boys are taught to differentiate. Child rearing must be shared by parents

Front 69

Hypnosis involves which 3 factors?

Back 69

Absorption
Dissociation
Suggestibility

Front 70

According to communications therapists (Satire, Haley & Bateson) communication has which 2 functions?

Back 70

Report = content, informational aspect
Command = exlemfies relationship between the communicators

Front 71

Age group that varies the most in terms of inteelctual abilities, physical abilities & personality characteristics

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Older adults (65+)

Front 72

What is responsible for keeping people in long-term relationships?

Back 72

Similarity hypothesis

Front 73

Key elements of self-instructional therapy are:

Back 73

repetition, graded practice, & cognitive restructring

Front 74

Focus of reality therapis is on helping the patient:

Back 74

Examine his actions & values

Front 75

Goal of Adlerian therapy:

Back 75

help a patient replace a "mistaken style of life" with a healthier, more adaptive one

Front 76

Neo-Freudians & their area of emphasis:

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Horney = early relationships
Sullivan = relationships throught the lifespan
Fromm = effects of societal structures & dynamics

Front 77

Sullivan's Modes of Cognitive Expereince

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1)Protaxic - discrete, unconnected states (before language develops)
2)Parataxic - uses private symbols, causes one to see connections that don't really exist
3)Syntaxic - symbols that ahve shared meaning (emerges at end of first year)

Front 78

Parataxic Distortions

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Individual deals with others as if they were significant persons from his early life

Front 79

Fromm's Character Styles

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Receptive
Exploitive
Hoarding
Marketing
Productive (good one!)

Front 80

Goal of Gestalt Therapy

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Awareness & focusing on the here-and-now (uses, I-statements, empty chair, & dream analysis)

Front 81

Concepts in Transactional Analysis

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Ego States - (child, parent & adult)
Strokes - recogntion from others
Scripts - persons life plan
Life Position - One of 4 (I'm OK, you're OK)

Front 82

Goal of Transactional Analysis

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to alter maladaptive life positions, & life scripts & to integrate the 3 ego states

Front 83

Double-Bind Communication

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refers to the conflict created when a person receives two conflicting messages at diffeent levels (I love you, while being pushed off lap)

Front 84

Metacommunication

Back 84

the "command" level of communication (the implicit non-verbal message)

Front 85

Bowenian Family Therapy (Extended Family Systems)

Back 85

Viewed family dysfunction as intergenerational
Differentiation of family members is key
Sibling Position - important role
Interventions (Genograms, triangulation)

Front 86

3 most important factors in group therapy according to Yalom:

Back 86

1)Interpersonal learning
2)Catharsis
3)Cohesivness

Front 87

Stages of Crisis Intervention

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1)Formulation - identifying the crisis & persons reaction
2)Implementation - assessmen, setting tx goals, techniques
3)Termination - progress achieved is assessed

Front 88

Psychasthenia on the MMPI measures

Back 88

Neurotic manifestations other than hysteria (phobias, compulsions)

Front 89

Validity Scales on the MMPI

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L = Lie (defensive, endorsing socially-approved item)
K = Correction (high = defensive, low = low self-image)
F = Infrequency (intentioanly looking bad)

Front 90

Howard's Phas Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness

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Remoralization = first few sessions, gies client hope
Remediation = 16 sessions, provides symptom relief
Rehabilitation = gradual improvement in overall functioning

Front 91

Therapy with African-Americans

Back 91

Should be problem-oriented & time limited
Multi-systems, ecostructural

Front 92

Therapy with Hispanics

Back 92

Patriarchal families, rigid sex roles
Prefer approach with prsonal conact & attention
Use active, goal-oriented appraoch

Front 93

Therapy with Asian-Americans

Back 93

Direct, sturcured, short-term approach
Place problem within work/school context

Front 94

Therapy with Native-Americans

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Non-directive, history-oriented, accepting, cooperative approach

Front 95

According to RET, irrational beliefs are acquired through:

Back 95

Natural, biological tendencies

Front 96

IPT's 4 key problem areas:

Back 96

1) Grief
2) IP role disputes
3) Role transition
4) IP deficits

Front 97

Acc. to Sue & Zane, most important factor in culturally-sensitive therapuy is:

Back 97

Using techniques that establish credibility

Front 98

Acc. to Yalom, if group members are using a 'taking turns" pattern. one should:

Back 98

Utilize mass interpretation

Front 99

Jung differed from Freud in terms of:

Back 99

being more optimistic of human nature, promoting more active exchange with therapist, & emphasizing the changes that occur in adulthood

Front 100

OD interventions primarily concern:

Back 100

Relationships