Clinical Psych Exam 2 Chapter 7 Person Centered Therapy

Front 1

General message

Back 1

You're good enough, you just need to have trust and faith that you're gonna be able to figure this out

Front 2

Founder of Person-Centered Therapy

Back 2

Carl Rogers

Humanistic, Optimistic, Overly-simplified

Front 3

View of human nature

Back 3

humans are trustworthy and positive

humans are capable of making changes and living productive, effective lives

humans innately gravitate towards self-actualization
(actualizing tendency)

Front 4

Humanistic worldviewv

Back 4

People are basically good and will actualize in the absence of interference (stress, anxiety, negative life experiences)

Society, rather than restraining negative forces, leads people astray (not the unconscious/fear of death/Oedipal complex)

Society does this by providing conditional positive regard

People are experts about themselves. As a result, therapy is generally insight-oriented and nondirective

Front 5

Person Centered Therapy was a reaction against

Back 5

the directive and psychoanalytic approaches

Front 6

Person-Centered Therapy Challenges these:

Back 6

the assumption that "the counselor knows best"

the validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation

the belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems WITHOUT direct help

the focus on problems over persons

Front 7

PCT Emphasizes

Back 7

therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people

the person's innate striving for self-actualization

the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship

the counselor's creation of a permissive, "growth-promoting" climate

people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship

Front 8

6 conditions necessary and sufficient for personality changes/growth to occur (PCT)

Back 8

psychological contact

the client is experiencing incongruence

the therapist is congruent or integrated in the relationship

the therapist experiences positive regard or real caring for the client

the therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal fram of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client

the communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved

Front 9

Congruence (PCT)

Back 9

genuineness or realness in the therapy session

therapist's behaviors match his or her words

Front 10

Unconditional positive regard PCT

Back 10

Acceptance and genuine caring about the client as a valuable person

Accepting clients as they presently are

Therapist need not approve of all client behavior

Front 11

Accurate empathic understanding PCT

Back 11

the ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world

helper attitudes are more important than knowledge
(the therapist need not experience the situation to develop an understanding of it from the client's perspective)

Front 12

Genuineness according to Egan PCT

Back 12

Not hiding behind a role
Spontaneous, yet tactful
Not rule or technique bound
Not impulsive or inhibited
Non-defensive; can "hear" negative feedback
Shares facial expressions rather than hiding
Consistency in though, feeling, and behavior
Consistency in value statements and behavior
shares self: both verbally and nonverbally

Front 13

Empathy helps clients to PCT

Back 13

pay attention to and value their own experience

see earlier experiences in new ways

modify their perceptions of themselves, others and the world

increase their confidence in makign choices and pursuing a course of action

Front 14

Qualities of the Therapist PCT

Back 14

Focuses on the QUALITY of the therapeutic relationship

Provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which the CLIENT is the agent of change and healing

Serves as a MODEL of a human being struggling toward greater realness

Is GENUINE, integrated, and authentic, without a false front

Front 15

Person-centered Expressive Arts Therapy

Back 15

Various creative art forms
-- promote healing and self-discovery
-- are inherently healing and promote self-awareness and insight

Creative expression connects us to our feelings which are a source of life energy
(feelings must be experienced to achieve self-awareness)

Individuals must explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform them, creating wholenes
(discovery of wholeness leads to understanding of how we relate to the outer world)

The client's inner world and outer world become unified

Front 16

Conditions for Creativity PCT

Back 16

Acceptance of the individual

A non-judgmental setting

Empathy

Psychological freedom

Stimulating and challenging experiences

Individuals who have experienced unsafe creative environments feel "held back" and may disengage from creative processes

Safe, creative environments give clients permission to be authentic and to delve deeply into their experiences

Front 17

Principles for Relationships w Children (some)

Back 17

I am not all knowing. Therefore, I shall not even attempt to be

I need to be loved. Therefore I will be open to loving children.

I want to be more accepting of the child in me. Therefore, I will with wonder and awe, allow children to illuminate my world.

I know so little about the complex intricacies of childhood. Therefore, I will allow children to teach me.

Front 18

Limitations of the Person-Centered Approach

Back 18

Cultural considerations:
-- some clients may prefer a more directive, structured treatment
-- individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with direct expression of empathy of creativity
-- Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal locus of control

Does not focus on the use of specific techniques, making this treatment difficult to standardize

Beginning therapists may find it difficult to provide both support and challenges to clients

Limits of the therapist as a person may interfere with developing a genuine therapeutic relationship

Front 19

Compensation (DM)

Back 19

Covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a trait one considers more desirable.

Front 20

Denial (DM)

Back 20

Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it. (Global situation:death, chemical dependance, illness/disease; not small issue like repression)

Front 21

Displacement (DM)

Back 21

The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral. (Cat-Kicking)

Front 22

Identification (DM)

Back 22

An attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an individual one admires. (looking like rockstar)

Front 23

Intellectualization (DM)

Back 23

An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis.

Front 24

Introjection (DM)

Back 24

Integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one’s own ego structure. (mimicing values and beliefs)

Front 25

Isolation (DM)

Back 25

Separating a thought or memory from the feeling tone or emotion associated with it. (emotional seperation from memory)

Front 26

Projection (DM)

Back 26

Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to one’s self to another person.

Front 27

Rationalization (DM)

Back 27

Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors. (Plausible Excuse)

Front 28

Reaction Formation (DM)

Back 28

Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors.

Front 29

Repression (DM)

Back 29

Involuntarily blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness. (Smaller issue not global like denial)

Front 30

Sublimation (DM)

Back 30

Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive.

Front 31

Suppression (DM)

Back 31

The voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness.

Front 32

Undoing (DM)

Back 32

Symbolically negating or canceling out an experience that one finds intolerable.

Front 33

Regression (DM)

Back 33

When 2 year-old Jay is hospitalized for tonsillitis he will drink only from a bottle, although his mother states he has been drinking from a cup for 6 months. (previous level of functioning)

Front 34

Compensation (DM)

Back 34

Covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a trait one considers more desirable.

Front 35

Denial (DM)

Back 35

Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it. (Global situation:death, chemical dependance, illness/disease; not small issue like repression)

Front 36

Displacement (DM)

Back 36

The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral. (Cat-Kicking)

Front 37

Identification (DM)

Back 37

An attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an individual one admires. (looking like rockstar)

Front 38

Intellectualization (DM)

Back 38

An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis.

Front 39

Introjection (DM)

Back 39

Integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one’s own ego structure. (mimicing values and beliefs)

Front 40

Isolation (DM)

Back 40

Separating a thought or memory from the feeling tone or emotion associated with it. (emotional seperation from memory)

Front 41

Projection (DM)

Back 41

Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to one’s self to another person.

Front 42

Rationalization (DM)

Back 42

Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors. (Plausible Excuse)

Front 43

Reaction Formation (DM)

Back 43

Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors.

Front 44

Repression (DM)

Back 44

Involuntarily blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness. (Smaller issue not global like denial)

Front 45

Sublimation (DM)

Back 45

Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive.

Front 46

Suppression (DM)

Back 46

The voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness.

Front 47

Undoing (DM)

Back 47

Symbolically negating or canceling out an experience that one finds intolerable.

Front 48

Regression (DM)

Back 48

When 2 year-old Jay is hospitalized for tonsillitis he will drink only from a bottle, although his mother states he has been drinking from a cup for 6 months. (previous level of functioning)

Front 49

Rogers' Basic Assumptions of People

Back 49

people are essentially trustworthy; people have a bast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention; people are capable of self-directed growth if in the right therapeutic relationship

Front 50

Abraham Maslow

Back 50

postulated hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation: first physiological (hunger and thirst); then safety (security and stability);

Front 51

Self actualization

Back 51

if provided with appropriate conditions, we will automatically grow in positive ways

Front 52

View of Human Nature

Back 52

trust in client's ability to grow constructively if conditions fostering growth are present; people are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self-understanding and self-direction, able to make constructive changes, and able to live effective and productive lives

Front 53

motivation:

Back 53

innate striving for self-actualization and maintain and enhance the self

Front 54

Actualizing tendency:

Back 54

a directional purpose of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination

Front 55

Goals of therapy PCT

Back 55

helping client achieve greater degree of independence and integration (congruence between self concept and experience); assist clients in their growth process so they can better cope with problems as they identify them; help them gain an openness to experience, a trust in themselves, an internal source of evaluation, and willingness to continue growing; help client develop his own goals

Front 56

Therapist's Role and Function PCT

Back 56

belief in the client's inner resources; by being congruent, accepting, and empathetic, therapist becomes catalyst for change; meets clients on a moment-to-moment experiential basis an enters their world; clients can then loosen their defenses and rigid perceptions and move to a higher level of personal functioning; relationship based on I/Thou relationship

Front 57

Client's Experience in Therapy PCT

Back 57

comes to therapy in a state of incongruence; as clients feel understood and accepted, they become less defensive and more open to their experience; learn to direct their own lives, are less concerned with meeting other people's expectations, and act in the moment being rue to themselves; clients heal themselves, create their own self-growth, and are active self-healers

Front 58

Rogers' necessary and sufficient conditions for change PCT

Back 58

the client is in a state of incongruence, the therapist is congruent- therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client, therapist experiences an empathetic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference and tries to communicate this to the client, this communication is successful to a minimal degree

Front 59

Therapeutic Core Conditions: PCT

Back 59

if these 6 exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will occur: no other conditions necessary

Front 60

Core condition1 Congruence PCT

Back 60

- therapist must be genuine, integrated, and authentic during session; therapist acts as a model for the client struggling toward greater realness

Front 61

Core condition 2 Unconditional Positive Regard PCT

Back 61

deep and genuine care for the client as a person which is best achieved through empathetic identification with the client

Front 62

Core condition 3 no conditions PCT

Back 62

on client's acceptance

Front 63

Acceptance PCT

Back 63

acceptance is the recognition of the client's rights to have their own beliefs and feelings not the approval of all behaviour

Front 64

Core condition 5 PCT Accurate Empathetic Understanding

Back 64

empathy is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client

Front 65

Subjective empathy:

Back 65

therapist experiences what it is like to be the client

Front 66

interpersonal empathy:

Back 66

understanding a client's internal frame of reference and conveying a sense of the private meanings to the person

Front 67

objective empathy:

Back 67

relies on knowledge sources outside of a clients frame of reference

Front 68

What is the most powerful determinant of client progress in therapy?

Back 68

empathy

Front 69

Presence:

Back 69

being completely attentive to and immersed in the client as well as his expressed concerns; essential for clients' progress

Front 70

Immediacy:

Back 70

addressing what is going on between the client and therapist, highly value

Front 71

Techniques PCT 1 Approach

Back 71

minimizes directive techniques and maximizes active listening, reflection of feelings (empathy), and clarification

Front 72

Techniques PCT 2 "being with" clients

Back 72

entering into their world of perceptions and feelings is sufficient

Front 73

Techniques PCT 3 assessment and diagnosis not useful

Back 73

these procures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client; what matters is the client's self-assessment

Front 74

Techniques PCT 4 Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Back 74

a humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive counseling approach, originally designed for problem drinking, stresses client self-responsiblity and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioural problems

Front 75

Motivational Interviewing (MI) (2)

Back 75

uses open-ended questions, using reflective listening, affirming and supporting the client, responding to resistance in a non-confrontational way, guiding a discussion of ambivalence, summarizing and linking at the end of the session, and eliciting and reinforcing change talk

Front 76

5 Basic Principles of MI

Back 76

therapists strive to experience the world from the client's perspective without judgment or criticism; designed to evoke and explore both discrepancies and ambivalence; resistance to change is viewed as normal and expected; support clients' self-efficacy by encouraging them to use their own resources to take action to change; when clients show signs of readiness to change through decreased resistance to and increased talk of change, a critical phase of MI begins

Front 77

Contributions of PersonCentered Approach

Back 77

shift from emphasis on technique to that of the therapeutic relationship; many evolving PC therapies; implication of empathy for practice of counselin; emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is rooted in PC philosophy, but also integrates Gestalt and existential therapies; goals of EFT are strengthening the self, regulating affect, and creating new meaning

Front 78

Incongruence

Back 78

a discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self picture of the individual insofar as it represents that experience

Front 79

Basic Assumptions of PC Therapy 1

Back 79

humans have an innate tendency toward self-actualization; the client is the best expert on his own experience; the individual has the capacity to modify his perceptions; of provided with the proper conditions in counseling, clients can arrive at their own solutions to their problems; our feelings about self and others are based on our interaction with others; individual's subjective perceptions of self and the world are the central determiner of behaviou; focus on the here-and-now (past not necessary to know)

Front 80

Sources of Psychological Distress:

Back 80

early experience of conditional positive regard, leading to the internalization of conditions of worth;incongruence between the self-concept and self-actualizing tendencies; guilt for not reaching one's potential; the organism may deny or distort experiences in awareness in such a way that these experiences cannot be incorporated into the self

Front 81

Characteristics of a Healthy Personality:

Back 81

an openness to experience and change; internalization of an unconditional sense of worth (self-acceptance); endeavouring to always be genuine, congruent, or authentic

Front 82

What are the 2 core themes of the theory of person

Back 82

centered therapy if clients are to change? -non-judgemental listening and acceptance

Front 83

What does Person Centered Therapy

Back 83

challenge about assumptions of the counselor? - the "counselor knows best"

Front 84

What does PCT challenge the validity of?

Back 84

advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation

Front 85

What does PCT challenge about assumptions of the client?

Back 85

clients cannot understand and respove their own problems without direct help.

Front 86

What does PCT focus on, problems or persons?

Back 86

persons. PCT challenges the focus on problems over persons.

Front 87

What does PCT assume given a particular therapeutic climate? (main point of PCT)

Back 87

given a particular therapeutic climate, individuals will choose for themselves a growth producing and psychologically healthy direction for their lives.

Front 88

PCT emphasizes these 5 things:

Back 88

Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people; the person's innate striving for self-actualization; the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship; the counselor's creation of a permissive "growth promoting climate"; people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship

Front 89

What 3 things make up a growth promoting climate in PCT?

Back 89

congruence (genuineness or realness); unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring but not approval of all behavior; accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world -- helper attitudes are more important than knowledge)

Front 90

What are the 6 conditions that are necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur in PCT?

Back 90

1. Two persona are in psychological contact 2. The client is experiencing incongruency 3. The therapist is congruent/integrated in the relationship 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard/real caring for the client 5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client 6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved

Front 91

What are the 4 things that are important for the therapist in Person Cenetered Therapy?

Back 91

The therapist... - focuses on the QUALITY of the therapeutic relationship; Serves as a MODEL of a human being struggling toward greater realness; Is GENUINE, integrated, and authentic, without a false front; Can OPENLY EXPRESS feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client.

Front 92

What does the person centered approach aim toward a greater degree of?

Back 92

- Independence and integration of the individual

Front 93

What does PCT assist clients in?

Back 93

the growth process

Front 94

The underlying goal of the PCT approach is to provide... ..

Back 94

.a climate conducive to helping the individual become a fully functioning person.

Front 95

What does PCT help remove?

Back 95

masks or the facades that clients are wearing

Front 96

Rogers states that once the masks are removed, clients can become increasingly more actualized by (4 things):

Back 96

an openness to experience, a trust in themselves, an internal source of evaluation, a willingness to keep on growing

Front 97

What does Carl Roger's theory focus on?

Back 97

It focused on human potential rather than pathology

Front 98

What are the themes of Person Centered Therapy?

Back 98

The client is the "expert", Emphasize the client's uniqueness, goal directed, self enhancing, Basic trustworthiness of humans , Focus on feelings, present

Front 99

What is the curative factor?

Back 99

Empathic relationship

Front 100

Actualizing Tendency

Back 100

inherent tendency of the organism to develop all of its capacities in ways which serve to maintain or enhance the organism: ex: free choice, we prefer to be healthy rather than sick and further our optimal development, core of roger's theory

Front 101

self experience

Back 101

any aspect of the experience that a person believes to be "me" or "I"

Front 102

self concept

Back 102

the organized set of beliefs and perceptions that a person holds regarding him or herself

Front 103

ideal self

Back 103

the self concept that a person would like to possess

Front 104

congruence

Back 104

healthy functioning is characterized by this between self experience and self concept

Front 105

internal locus of evaluation

Back 105

we are naturally capable of knowing how well experiences maintain or enhance the self we use these judgements to evaluate experiences as + or neg and seek the + and avoid the changed based on new experiences

Front 106

positive regard

Back 106

acceptance, respect, sympathy, warmth & love, we have a need of this from others. youth depend on this for worthiness but eventually can provide this as autonomy is achieved

Front 107

unconditional positive self regard

Back 107

sigh of psychological health

Front 108

conditional pos regard

Back 108

we are more likely to recieve pos regard for conditions of worth

Front 109

external locus of evaluation

Back 109

self concept is often based on this (lack of genuineness)

Front 110

Incongruence

Back 110

conflicted self feelings of threat & anxiety when self experience conflicts with self concept; threatening b/c you aren't functioning according to the single standard of the organismic valuing process; consistency is mainted through defense mechanisms - perceptual distortion and denial

Front 111

what happens when the rift between self experience and self concept is too big for the defenses to handle?

Back 111

the person experiences psychological distress and personality disintegration

Front 112

what is the goal of person centered therapy?

Back 112

to provide a relationship in which clients can achieve improved self concept, greater use of internal local of evaluation ; greater awareness of immediate experience

Front 113

what must the PC therapist offer?

Back 113

congruence and genuineness; unconditional pos regard; empathy

Front 114

using the 3 models show the patways of events to behavior

Back 114

1. event-->coginition-->behavior
2. event--->belief-->consequence
3. event--thoughts--emotional reactions

Front 115

what is the purpose of cognitive-behavioral counseling?

Back 115

techniques to help the client slow down

Front 116

what is the premise of cognitive-behavioral counseling

Back 116

You can't move forward/change if your thought process won't let you.

Front 117

define rational

Back 117

objective view that is supported by the facts

Front 118

define irrational

Back 118

a view or perspective held that is not supported by the facts

Front 119

what is filtering

Back 119

euphoric thinking remembering the positives and ommiting the negatives or vice versa

Front 120

waht is "polarized thinking"

Back 120

no room for cognitive growth, mistakes

Front 121

what are "mind reads'

Back 121

guessing what another person is thinking without asking or confirming

Front 122

what is "catastrophizing"

Back 122

"it never gonna work"

Front 123

what is "personalization"

Back 123

ex, walking down the street, you hear someone laugh, and assume it is about you they are laughing

Front 124

what is "controlled fallacies"

Back 124

"acceptance vs resignation

Front 125

what are the 2 steps of cognitive appraisal

Back 125

1.Primary-- look at a situation assess "how dangerous"
2. Secondary--assess your ability to cope with your primary appraisal of the situation

Front 126

what are the "shoulds"

Back 126

thinking "it" has to happen every single time without exception.

Front 127

why does the counselor need to slow the client down?

Back 127

because many clients have distorted thinking patterns, and an "automatic" thoughts and resulting poor "automatic decisions" automatic thought + cognitive error = addictive thinking and drug use

Front 128

what is reframing

Back 128

instead of focusing on the problem--focus on solutions "what do you want"

Front 129

is it okay to say "why" to a client

Back 129

no, it puts them on the defensive, not helpful

Front 130

what words are good to use?

Back 130

how and when, they invite further discussion

Front 131

misinterpretations

Back 131

The therapist does not analyze all situations in which the patient feels dysphoric, however; cognitive therapy aims to reduce the emotional distress that is related to ___ of a situation.

Front 132

match the content

Back 132

He investigates further when the patient reports an emotion that does not seem to ___ of her automatic thought.

Front 133

emotion chart

Back 133

Devising an “___” such as the one in Figure 7.1 helps the patient learn to label her emotions more effectively.

Front 134

quantify the degree of emotion

Back 134

It is important for patients not only to identify their emotions but also to ___ they are experiencing.

Front 135

drop in intensity

Back 135

The therapist and patient judge whether a cognition requires further intervention by roughly measuring the ___ of the emotion.

Front 136

misinterpretations

Back 136

The therapist does not analyze all situations in which the patient feels dysphoric, however; cognitive therapy aims to reduce the emotional distress that is related to ___ of a situation.

Front 137

match the content

Back 137

He investigates further when the patient reports an emotion that does not seem to ___ of her automatic thought.

Front 138

emotion chart

Back 138

Devising an “___” such as the one in Figure 7.1 helps the patient learn to label her emotions more effectively.

Front 139

quantify the degree of emotion

Back 139

It is important for patients not only to identify their emotions but also to ___ they are experiencing.

Front 140

drop in intensity

Back 140

The therapist and patient judge whether a cognition requires further intervention by roughly measuring the ___ of the emotion.

Front 141

cognitive model

Back 141

The ___ states that the interpretation of a situation (rather than the situation itself), often expressed in automatic thoughts, influences one’s subsequent emotion, behavior, and physiological response.

Front 142

psychological disorders

Back 142

People with ___, however, often misconstrue neutral or even positive situations and thus their automatic thoughts are biased.

Front 143

critically examining

Back 143

By ___ their thoughts and correcting thinking errors, they often feel better.

Front 144

reality check

Back 144

When we become aware of our thoughts, we may automatically do a ___ if we are not suffering from psychological dysfunction.

Front 145

predictable

Back 145

Although automatic thoughts seem to pop up spontaneously, they become fairly ___ once the patient’s underlying beliefs are identified.

Front 146

dysfunctional

Back 146

The cognitive therapist is concerned with identifying those thoughts that are ___, that is, those that distort reality, that are emotionally distressing and/or interfere with the patient’s ability to reach her goals.

Front 147

emotion

Back 147

Automatic thoughts are usually quite brief, and the patient is often more aware of the ___ she feels as a result of the thought than of the thought itself.

Front 148

logically connected

Back 148

The emotion the patient feels is ___ to the content of the automatic thought.

Front 149

shorthand

Back 149

Automatic thoughts are often in “___” form but can be easily spelled out when the therapist asks for the meaning of the thought.

Front 150

visual form

Back 150

Automatic thoughts may be in verbal form, ___ (images), or both.

Front 151

evaluated

Back 151

Automatic thoughts can be ___ according to their validity and their utility.

Front 152

most common type of automatic thought

Back 152

The ___ is distorted in some way and occurs despite objective evidence to the contrary.

Front 153

second type of automatic thought

Back 153

A ___ is accurate, but the conclusion the patient draws may be distorted.

Front 154

third type of automatic thought

Back 154

A ___ is also accurate but decidedly dysfunctional.

Front 155

patient’s own examples

Back 155

It is desirable to explain automatic thoughts by using the ___.

Front 156

alternate scenario

Back 156

What do you think would happen to your emotions if you discovered that your thought wasn’t true—that when your depression lifts you’ll realize that you are like the other students?

Front 157

learning to identify automatic thoughts

Back 157

The skill of ___ is analogous to learning any other skill.

Front 158

affect shift

Back 158

An opportune time to elicit a patient’s automatic thought is when the therapist notices an ___ in session.

Front 159

hot cognitions

Back 159

“___”—that is, important automatic thoughts and images that arise in the therapy session itself and are associated with a change or increase in emotion.

Front 160

nonverbal cues

Back 160

He is on the alert for ___ such as changes in facial expression, tightening of muscles, shifts in posture, or hand gestures.

Front 161

verbal cues

Back 161

___ include change in tone, pitch, volume, or pace.

Front 162

focus on her emotion and physiological reaction

Back 162

If the patient is unable to report a thought, the therapist may choose to jog her memory by having her ___.

Front 163

happening right now

Back 163

If verbally describing the situation is insufficient to elicit the automatic thoughts, the therapist asks the patient to imagine the specific situation as if it is ___.

Front 164

which point the patient was most distressed

Back 164

In order to work most efficiently, it is important to determine at ___ (before, during, or after a given incident) and what her automatic thoughts were at that point.

Front 165

anticipation of a situation (automatic thought)

Back 165

“What if she yells at me?”

Front 166

during the situation (automatic thought)

Back 166

“She thinks I’m stupid”

Front 167

reflecting on what had happened

Back 167

“I can’t do anything right; I should never have tried”

Front 168

hypothetical elimination of problems

Back 168

The therapist can help her pinpoint the most problematic situation by proposing a number of upsetting problems, asking the patient hypothetically to eliminate one problem.