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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two sources of serum glucose?
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absorption and hepatic production
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When does glucose absorption from the GI usually?
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2-4 hrs after feeding in small animals
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What are two ways of hepatic production of glucose?
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gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
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What is important to remember when handling lab samples for evaluation of glucose? (3)
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rapid separation of serum, fasting sample, avoid excitement
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What are three things that cause physiological hyperglycemia?
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post-prandial (monogastrics), catecholemines (glycogenolysis), glucocorticoids (gluconeogenesis)
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What cause pharmacological hyperglycemia? (6)
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catecholamines, glucocorticoids, xylazine, sedatives, dextrose-containing fluids, and progesterone
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What causes hypoglycemia in food-animals?
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post-parturient hypocalcemia, enterotoxemia, neuro disorders (GC and Epi induced)
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What species post-parturient hypocalcemia causing hyperglycemia?
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cows
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What species has enterotoxemia causing hyperglycemia?
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sheep
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What is diabetes mellitus?
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decreased insulin production or insulin resistance
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In diabetes mellitus, what type of glucose in the blood will you see?
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hyperglycemia +/- glucosuria
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What possible lab abnormalities will you see with diabetes mellitus?
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polycythemia and increased plasma proteins, stress/inflammatory leukograms, renal or prerenal azotemia, pyuria/hematuria/proteinuria, electrolyte abnormalitis, increased hepatic enzyme activity, increased pancreatic enzyme activity, increased serum bilirubin, hyperlipidemia, ketonemia/ketonuria, increased gap acidosis
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What specific gravity will you see in diabetes mellitus?
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decreased specific gravity: osmotic diuresis
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Why is increased hepatic enzyme activity associated with diabetes mellitus?
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b/c metabolic alterations lead to enzyme leakage
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Why is increased pancreatic enzyme activity associated with diabetes mellitus?
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pancreatitis can cause DM as a result of islet damage
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Why is increased serum bilirubin associated with DM?
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hepatic: cholestasis secondary to hepatocyte swelling and prehepatic: low grade hemolysis in cats due to heinz bodies
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Why is ketonemia/ketonuria associated with DM?
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deficient insulin= decreased incorporation of FA into TGs and increased production of ketoes from FAs
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What three chemicals are associated with ketonemia/ketouria in DM?
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acetoacetat, B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone
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What is increased gap acidosis due to in DM?
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due to ketoacids +/- lactate
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What are three physiological mechanisms of hypoglycemia?
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neonates, juvenile hypoglycemia in toy breeds and exertional hypoglycemia
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What one thing causes increased production leading to hypoglycemia?
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insulinoma
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What two things lead to a decreased intake causing hypoglycemia?
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starvation and parturient/post-parurient
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What two things lead to an increased tissue utilization causing hypoglycemia?
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endotoxemia and leukocytosis/polycythemia
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What are two things leading to increased loss causing hypoglycemia?
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malabsorption and renal tubules
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What are three things leading to decreased storage synthesis mobilization causing hypoglycemia?
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hepatic disease, hypoadrenocorticism, glycogen storage disease
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