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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do ancanthocytes suggest?
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Lipid imbalance
hepatic lipidosis (cats) hemangiosarcoma (dogs) |
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What do keratocytes suggest?
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RBC break off
Iron deficiency |
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What do schistocyte suggest?
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RBC fragments suggesting DIC or other intravascular trauma or iron deficiency
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What so spherocytes suggest?
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RBCs lacking central pallor suggesting IMHA
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What do echinocytes suggest?
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electrolyte imbalance
non-specific disease Rattlesnake envenomation can be an artifact of slow drying film |
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What are the cause of eccentrocytes?
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shifting of hemoglobin to one side of the cell resulting in clear zone outlined by membrane
caused by oxidative damage with ingestion of onions in dogs seen with heinz-body formation |
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When do you seen Heinz Body anemia?
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oxidatively denatured hemoglobin
seen with: acetominophen toxicosis Propylen glycol onions cephalosporins zinc toxicosis Horses with phenothiazine Cattle - kale, onions Sheep - copper toxicosis |
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When do you see basophilic strippling?
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abnormal aggregation of ribosomes
appear as small basophilic granules normal in ruminants may see regenerative anemia in cat dog consider lead poisoning |
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What are Howell-Jolly Bodies?
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Nucleated RBC
seen in regenerative anemia non-functioning spleens/splenectomy increased with corticosteroids |
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What is rouleaux formation?
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RBC arrangement
normal in horses suggests increased globulin sm animals |
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What is agglutination?
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clumping of RBCs
suggests antibody attachement to RBCs seen in IMHA |
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What is microcytic anemia?
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small RBCs
seen with iron deficiency anemia |
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What is macrocytic anemia?
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big red blood cells
seen in regenerative anemia |
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What do you see with neutrophilia due to inflammation?
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a left shift
segs 2 times the reference interval |
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What do you see with neutrophilia due to stress?
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no left shift, lymphopenia, monocytosis and +/- eosinophilia
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What do you see with neutrophilia due to excitement?
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no left shift, lymphocytosis +/- neutophilia
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What do you see with a stress response?
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lymphopenia
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What are examples of toxic change in neutrophils due to inflammation?
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increased production presistence of ribosomes and RER with increased basophilia
presence of Dohle bodies Cytoplasmic vaculation |
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What is the likely cause of an increased in PCV?
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dehydration or erythrocytosis
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What is the likely cause of an decrease PCV?
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blood loss, Red cell destruction
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What is the likely cause of an increased in mean cell volume?
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regenerative anemia or aggregation of RBCs
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What is the likely cause of a decrease in mean cell volume?
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iron deficiency
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What is the most likely cause of a increase total nucleated cell count?
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leukemia, inflammation, stress and excitement
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What is the likely cause of an increase in segmented neutrophils?
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inflammation, stress and neoplasia
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What is the likely cause of a decrease in segmented neutrophils?
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severe inflammation, bone marrow failure, steroids and immunosuppression
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What causes an increase in band neutrophils?
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inflammation
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What causes an increase in reticulocytes?
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nonregenerative anemia
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What is the likely cause of monocyte increase?
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inflammation and neoplasia
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What is the likely cause of lymphocyte increase?
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Ag stimulation
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What is the likely cause of lymphocyte decrease?
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stress
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What is the likely cause of platelet increase?
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dehydration
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What is the likely cause of platelet decrease?
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DIC, Bone Marrow failure
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What is the cause of fibrinogen increase?
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inflammation or dehydration in large animals
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What is the cause of fibrinogen decrease?
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DIC
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What is the cause of mean cell hemoglobin concentration increase?
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hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, extreme leukocytosis, heinz bodies, oxyglobin
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What is the cause of mean cell hemoglobin concentration decrease?
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iron deficiency, increased reticulocytes
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What is the order of draw for blood tubes?
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Blue = citrate - anti coag, factor test
Red = Serum - bio chem Green = Heparin - plasma profile Purple = EDTA - CBC, PCV, blood film Gray - Sodium Fluoride - glucose |
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Three layers of a hematocrit consists of?
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plasma
buffy coat RBCs |
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What is the correlation with clear, yellow,white/pink and red plasma color?
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Clear = healthy animal
Yellow suggests icterus in sm animals, can be normal in large animals white/pink - lipemia Red - free Hb due to hemolysis |
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What are in vivo and in vitro ways to see red plasma?
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in vivio: technique, lipemia
In vitro: if pcv is normal |
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What are the morphological events of neutrophils?
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Myeloblasts*
Progranulocyte* Myelocyte* Metamyelocyte** Band** Segmented** *proliferation and maturation ** maturation only |
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What is a left shift that occurs with neutropenia?
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severe inflammatory response
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What happens if you have more band neutrophils than mature neutrophils?
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degenerative left shift
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What is leukemia?
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neoplastic cells in blood or bone marrow
associated hematologic abnormalities |
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What are examples of proliferative disorders?
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lymphoproliferative disorders - more common in vet med (plasma, lymphos)
Myeloproliferative disorders - NO, MO, RBCs, Eos, Basos |
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What is primary hemostasis?
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endothelial defect exposes subendothelial platlets
platelets adhere to exposed collagen in the presence of von willebrand factor and release more platelets resulting in aggregation and platelet plug formation |
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What is coagulation?
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stabilization of primary platelet plug by fibrin meshwork by clotting factors
formation of fibrin can be simplified into 3 interrelated pathways (extrinsic, intrinsic and common pathway) |
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What is secondary hemostasis?
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Coagulation system which stabilizes the primary clot via fibrin meshwork
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What are the intrinsic factors?
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XII XI IX VIII
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What are the extrinsic factors?
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VII
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What are the common pathway factors?
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X V II I
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What are amplification loop factors?
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XI VII II
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What are acceleration loop factors?
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V, VIII
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What are the vitamin K dependent factors?
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II, VII, IX, X
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What is a major cross march?
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matching the patients serum with donor RBCs
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What is a minor cross match?
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matching the patients RBCs with the donors serum
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What are the canine blood groups?
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1.1 and 1.2 (group A)
1.3 (group B) 3 (group C) 4,5 (Group D) 7 (Group Tr) Dal |
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What are the feline blood groups?
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A group
B group AB group |
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What are the equine blood groups? What is neonatal isoerytholysis?
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Aa and Qa (no universal donors)
dam sensitive to Ag on foals inherited from sire (test before delivery, find alternate colostrum if positive) |
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What is the difference between a cross match and blood typing?
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cross matching looks at specific antigens on the surface of RBCs
blood typing does not detect antibodies between patient and donor |
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What are signs associated with red blood cell destruction?
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splenomegaly
icterus hemoglobinuria |
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What are examples of a acute blood loss? Chronic?
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Acute:
trauma and surgery coagulation disorders bleeding tumors thrombocytopenia Chronic: GI ulcer Bleeding GI tumor Blood consuming parasites |
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What is the cause of iron deficiency anemia in neonates? Adults?
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inadequate intake in neonates
Chronic blood loss |
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What is the cause of iron deficiency anemia in neonates? Adults?
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inadequate intake in neonates
Chronic blood loss |
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What are lab findings for iron deficiency?
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microcytosis
reticulocyte with a decreased MCV anisocytosis MCHC usually normal Usually regenerative unless with concurent anemia of inflammatory disease |
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What are lab findings for iron deficiency?
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microcytosis
reticulocyte with a decreased MCV anisocytosis MCHC usually normal Usually regenerative unless with concurent anemia of inflammatory disease |
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How can you tell the difference between an animal with DIC and one with IMHA?
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An animal with DIC will have an increase in PT, APT
In IMHA they would be normal |
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How can you tell the difference between an animal with DIC and one with IMHA?
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An animal with DIC will have an increase in PT, APT
In IMHA they would be normal |
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What is IMHA and what are the lab finding associated with it?
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associated as secondary with other disorder or events
common in dogs see thrombocytopenia, leukogram almost always inflammatory maybe azotemia DDX can be mismatched blood transfusion and rattlesnake evenomation |
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What is IMHA and what are the lab finding associated with it?
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associated as secondary with other disorder or events
common in dogs see thrombocytopenia, leukogram almost always inflammatory maybe azotemia DDX can be mismatched blood transfusion and rattlesnake evenomation |
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What is polycythemia? relative? absolute?
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increased red cell concentration
relative: hemoconcentration, dehydration, fluid shifts Absolute: increased erythropoietin, Chonic hypoxia, inappropriate EPO secretion |
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What is polycythemia? relative? absolute?
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increased red cell concentration
relative: hemoconcentration, dehydration, fluid shifts Absolute: increased erythropoietin, Chonic hypoxia, inappropriate EPO secretion |
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What should a bone marrow aspirate have in it?
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should contain fat and hematopoetic cells with 7 - 10 megakaryocytes
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What should a bone marrow aspirate have in it?
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should contain fait and hematopoetic cells with 7 - 10 megakaryocytes
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When do you see anemia with iron stores? no iron stores?
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inflammation
iron deficiency anemia |
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When do you see anemia with iron stores? no iron stores?
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inflammation
iron deficiency anemia |
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What is the M:E ratio?
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myeloid to Erythoid cells
normal is 3:1 |
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What is the M:E ratio?
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myeloid to Erythoid cells
normal is 3:1 |
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What causes erythroid hypoplasia?
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anemia of inflammatory disease
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What causes erythroid hypoplasia?
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anemia of inflammatory disease
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What causes erythroid aplasia?
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FeLV (cats)
IMHA (dogs) |
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What causes erythroid aplasia?
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FeLV (cats)
IMHA (dogs) |
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What is the cause of iron deficiency anemia in neonates? Adults?
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inadequate intake in neonates
Chronic blood loss |
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What are lab findings for iron deficiency?
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microcytosis
reticulocyte with a decreased MCV anisocytosis MCHC usually normal Usually regenerative unless with concurent anemia of inflammatory disease |
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How can you tell the difference between an animal with DIC and one with IMHA?
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An animal with DIC will have an increase in PT, APT
In IMHA they would be normal |
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What is IMHA and what are the lab finding associated with it?
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associated as secondary with other disorder or events
common in dogs see thrombocytopenia, leukogram almost always inflammatory maybe azotemia DDX can be mismatched blood transfusion and rattlesnake evenomation |
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What is polycythemia? relative? absolute?
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increased red cell concentration
relative: hemoconcentration, dehydration, fluid shifts Absolute: increased erythropoietin, Chonic hypoxia, inappropriate EPO secretion |
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What should a bone marrow aspirate have in it?
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should contain fait and hematopoetic cells with 7 - 10 megakaryocytes
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When do you see anemia with iron stores? no iron stores?
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inflammation
iron deficiency anemia |
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What is the M:E ratio?
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myeloid to Erythoid cells
normal is 3:1 |
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What causes erythroid hypoplasia?
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anemia of inflammatory disease
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What causes erythroid aplasia?
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FeLV (cats)
IMHA (dogs) |
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What does and increase in M:E suggest?
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Increase in M:E suggests erythroid hypoplastic/aplasic or granulocytic hyper plasia, granulocytic leukemia
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What does a decrease in M:E suggest?
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a decrease in M:E suggests increased plasma cells, monoclonal gamopathy, lytic bone lesions or bence - jones proteins
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