Clinical Pathology - Cumulative Final Exam Review - Urinalysis

Front 1

Renal epithelium originate from _____________________.

Back 1

the kidney

Front 2

Is protein normal to see in urine?

Back 2

NO - the presence of protein is usually pathogenic, unless the animal has recently given birth

Front 3

Define anuria:

Back 3

not producing any urine

Front 4

If the specific gravity increases, the urinary output ________________.

Back 4

decreases

Front 5

Increased specific gravity & decreased specific gravity are called:

Back 5

hypersthenuria & hyposthenuria

Front 6

What does the presence of yeast in urine indicate?

Back 6

- it could be a contaminant

- could be due to antibiotics

- could be due to immunosuppressive drugs

Front 7

When is the presence of yeast really significant?

(with which method of collection?)

Back 7

cystocentesis - if yeast is present after doing a cysto, it must be truly present in the urine (and not a contaminant) because a cysto is a sterile procedure.

Front 8

What is renin and what is it responsible for?

Back 8

enzyme

regulating blood pressure

Front 9

Where does tubular reabsorption take place?

Back 9

In the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 10

What takes place in the ​distal convoluted tubule?

Back 10

tubular secretion

Front 11

What is urolithiasis and where does it form?

Back 11

Stones or calculi

• Kidney
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra

Front 12

What does urolithiasis cause? (4 things)

Back 12

• blockage
• inflammation
• irritation
• bleeding

Front 13

What are the causes of urolithiasis? (4 things)

Back 13

1. mineral imbalance

2. improper pH due to diet or UTI

3. delayed passage of crystals

4. breed

Front 14

Define myoglobinuria:

What color would the urine appear to be?

Back 14

muscle cell lysis

brown

Front 15

What is hematuria and how would the urine appear?

Back 15

Blood in urine

Red, cloudy,

**RBC precipitate upon standing after centrifugation.

Front 16

Hematuria is associated with what kind of diseases?

Back 16

Diseases of the genitourinary system

Front 17

Name some things that might cause hematuria:

Back 17

1. cystitis

2. urolithiasis

3. prostatitis

4. trauma to urethra

5. toxic chemicals

6. parasites

7. estrus, postpartum

8. pyelonephritis

Front 18

What is hemoglobinuria?

How would the urine appear?

Back 18

blood in the urine

red, transparent

Front 19

Hemoglobinuria is associated with what kind of diseases?

Back 19

Systemic diseases

Front 20

Causes of hemoglobinuria:

Back 20

1. Hemolysis

2. Leptospirosis

3. Babesiasis

4. Chemicals

5. Plant Toxicity

6. Severe Burns

7. Blood Transfusion

8. Immune mediated disease

Front 21

Diabetes mellitus is ________________ of insulin.

Back 21

hyposecretion

Front 22

Diabetes insipidus is hypo secretion of _________________________.

Back 22

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Front 23

Specific gravity is a measure of what?

Back 23

the concentration of urine

Front 24

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by:

A. hyperglycemia

B. hypoglycemia

Back 24

A - hyperglycemia

Front 25

Hyperglycemia is considered to be above ____________mg?

Back 25

> 200 mg

Front 26

In cystitis, ______________ is converted to ammonia by _________________.

Back 26

urea

bacteria

Front 27

Fatty casts are seen in:

Back 27

degeneration of renal tubules seen in D. mellitus

Front 28

Name some physiological causes of increased glucose levels in the urine:

Back 28

• fear
• excitment
• restraint
• fluids
• anesthesia
• increased CARB intake (horses)

Front 29

Name some pathological reasons for increased glucose levels in the urine:

Back 29

• D. mellitus
• acute nephritis
• pancreatitis
• tubular defects

Front 30

What are some functions of prostaglandins?

Back 30

contractility of the uterus & other smooth muscle

regulate acid secretion in the stomach

regulate body temperature

regulate platelet aggregation

control inflammation

aid in Vitamin D activation

maintain blood pH by excreting/conserving H+

Front 31

What are some substances the kidneys retain?

(4)

Back 31

1. hormones

2. vitamins

3. plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen)

4. glucose

Front 32

Bacteria converts bilirubin to _________________.

Back 32

urobilinogen

Front 33

Casts form in the lumen of the ______________ and the _______________ tubules. It is here that urine reaches its maximum _____________ and maximum ________________.

Back 33

distal & collecting

concentration & acidity

Front 34

Calcium carbonate crystals are normally found in what animal?

Back 34

Horse

Front 35

What can cause crystallization of urine?

Back 35

drugs

Front 36

Hyposthenuria is less than ______________ SG.

Back 36

< 1.008

Front 37

How many WBCs per hpf is considered normal?

Back 37

< 10 / hpf

Front 38

What crystal is seen in antifreeze poisoning?

Back 38

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

Front 39

If ketones appear in the urine, will they also appear in the blood?

Back 39

YES

Front 40

Principal causes of ketones in urine: (3)

Back 40

1. Diabetes mellitus

2. fever in puppies / kittens

3. starvation

Front 41

Kidneys are located _________________ in the body.

Back 41

retroperitoneal

Front 42

TRUE or FALSE:

Glucose gets reabsorbed in the tubules

Back 42

TRUE

Front 43

What do diuretics do / how do they work?

(3 ways)

Back 43

1. Diuretic inhibit sodium reabsorption

2. reduce ADH concentration

3. Increase urine VOLUME by inhibiting reabsorption of H20

Front 44

In which tubules do casts develop?

Back 44

distal convoluted tubules