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50 Cards in this Set

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What are the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process
1. Nutrition Assessment
2. Nutrition Diagnosis
3. Nutrition Intervention
4. Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
What is Nutritional Assessment
systematic process of obtaining, verifying, and interpreting data in order to make decisions about the nature and cause of nutrition-related problems
What is Nutrition Diagnosis
identify and describe a specific nutrition problem that can be resolved or improved through treatment/nutrition intervention by a dietetic practitioner
What is Nutrition Intervention
The purpose is to resolve or improve the identified nutrition problem by planning and implementing appropriate nutrition interventions that are tailored to the client's needs
What are the four classes of nutrition intervention
1. food and nutrient provision
2. nutrition education
3. nutrition counseling
4. coordination of care with other health care professionals
What are the four categories of nutrition evaluation
1. did they improve their behaviors?
2. food and nutrient intake
3. losing or gaining weight
4. does the patient believe they are better?
What are the parts of a PES statement?
Problem (related to)
Etiology/Cause (as evidenced by)
Signs/Symptoms
Intervention
What are the 3 domains of nutritional diagnosis
clinical
intake
behavioral/environmental
What are the four steps of nutrition counseling
listening
interviewing
assessing
counseling
What are some nutrition counseling do's?
make them feel comfortable
speak at their level
keep it simple
assess understanding
ask open-ended questions
What are some nutrition counseling dont's?
give a lecture or do all the talking
try to scare them
criticize their current eating habits
set goals for them
let the client control the time
overload with too much information
get into arguments
Identify some goal setting principles
a. Start with the bar low, raise it with success
b. Set no more than 1-2 goals at a time
c. Long-term behavior based
d. They should identify realistic goals
e. Their pace and desire
What are the 5 stages of change
a. Pre-contemplation
b. Contemplation
c. Preparation/determination
d. Action
e. maintenance
What are characteristics of the pre-contemplation stage?
i. Unawareness, ignorance, denial, resistance, don’t present selves for treatment, no intention of changing
What are characteristics of the contemplation stage?
i. Thinking about change but not committed, gather info, cost of change appears to high, may take action within 6 mos
What are some characteristics of preparation or determination
i. Intention and behavior begin to come together, small changes, intend on taking action soon
What are some characteristics of the action stage
i. Behavior, experiences, environment are modified, cost of not changing becomes greater than cost of change, self esteem needs to be high because self efficacy is on the line
What are the characteristics of the maintenance stage
i. Person works to prevent relapse, change has occurred for at least 6 mos, stabilizing behavior change, skills used in maintenance different than change
What are the 3 ways medicines are dispersed in the USA
a) Over the counter
b) Prescription/legend
c) Controlled substances/scheduled
Describe the new drug approval process
a) Animal studies to find toxicities, clinical trials: phase 1 drug given to more and more people per year, process takes about 7-8 years, $800M-$1B
What are the 5 drug categories during pregnancy
b) A: controlled studies in humans suggest it is safe
c) B: human data reassuring but animal data suggests harm or animal studies show no risk
d) C: human data lacking; animal studies positive for risk or not done in animals
e) D: human data show risk, but benefit may outweigh risk
f) X: animal or human data suggest risk; benefits do not outweigh risks
4. What are the four aspects of pharmacokenetics and how does nutritional status affect each one of them?
a) Absorption- most drugs require active transport, water vs fat soluble, acidity/alkalinity in the lumen, presence of chelators
b) Distribution- what happens to the drug from the liver to excretion
c) Metabolism- goes through liver, half life,
d) Elimination- urine, feces, sweat, respiration, mammory glands
5. What are monamine oxidase inhibitors and what are the nutritional implications of them?
a) Enzymes which metabolize neurotransmitters, vasoconstriction results, no tyramine in the diet, rapid heart rate
possible medical interactions
levodopa
lasix
tetracycline
phenoytin
warfarin
lithium
a. Levodopa- limit pyramidine, take iron supplements, increases anorexia
b. Lasix- increase K and Mg, decrease Na, anorexia, increased thirst
c. Tetracycline- take minerals, fortified foods before or after drug, anorexia,
d. Phenoytin- increase folate, may need supplements,
e. Warfarin- take vit K
f. lithium- drink more fluids, limit caffeine, increased thirst
What is osteopathy
diseases arising in the musculoskeletal system, a disturbance in one area affects the whole body, osteopathic manipulation
What is chiropracty
relationship between the spine and function, manipulative therapy
describe naturopathy
concept of the healing force of nature which emphasizes the prevention of disease the maintenance of health, avoidance of therapies that prevents self-healing
What is homeopathy
if a large amount of a substance creates symptoms then small amounts can be used to treat, no scientific backing
What is traditional Chinese Medicine
concept of energy force called Qi, wellness is a balance
What is ayurveda
whole medical system, diet, herbal remedies for the mind body spirit
What is acupuncture?
use of think needles inserted into points on the meridian, good scientific background
What is aromatherapy?
use of oils from plants to promote health and well being
What is QI gong
component of TCM that combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of Qi
What is Reiki
japanese universal life energy, reiki practitioner moves energy around
What is therrapeutic touch?
laying-on of hands, healing force of the therapist that affects the patient's recovery, energies are balanced
What is the DSHEA law?
classifies herbals as dietary supplements distinct from foods or drugs, may carry structure/function claims, promotes quackery
What are the 4 drug schedules
I: very high potential for abuse for no legit medical use
II: high potential for abuse but have legit uses (no refills, limit abuse)
III: moderate potential
IV:some abuse
V: non perscription but sign a narcotic book
Describe innate immunity
born with it
initial response
kills all invaders
non specific
What is the significance of the major histocompatability complex?
body can recognize itself
transplant rejections
unique to every individuals
What are the stages of wound healing?
1. inflammation
2. proliferative/granulation
3. maturation
What are the 4 vitamins/minerals involved in wound healing?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Zinc
B Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin A in wound healing?
cell proliferation
cell differentiation
wound closure
protects against infection
What is the role of Vitamin C in wound healing?
Required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine during collagen synthesis
Stimulates fibroblast mitosis for collagen synthesis
Possible enhanced resistance to infection
What is the role of Zinc in wound healing
cofactor for many enzymes
cell replication
collagen formation
increases plasma proteins
What is the function of the B Vitamins in wound healing
metabolic cofactor
collagenation and cross linking
What are risk factors of pressure sores?
immobility
poor nutrition
lowered mental awareness
loss of bowel control
weight gain/loss
dehydration
What are the nutritional interventions for pressure sores?
increase kcals
protein
fluid
zinc maybe
What are the four stages of pressure sores?
1. nonblanchable erythema, lesion of skin ulceration
2. skin loss, looks superficial like a blister
3. full thickness skin loss, necrosis of subcutaneous tissue
4. extensive damage to supporting tissues
What causes:
maceration
shear
friction
m- prolonged exposure to moisture
s- skin rips away, anchored to bed
f- rug burn
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Systemic autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the connective tissue especially synovial tissues.