Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
570 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
nutrition support |
the delivery of nutrients using a feeding tube or intravenous infusions |
|
|
enteral nutrition |
the provision of nutrients using the GI tract; usually refers to these of tube feedings |
|
|
parenteral nutrition |
the intravenous provisions of nutrients that bypasses the GI tract |
|
|
fistulas |
abnormal passages between organs or tissues that permit the passage of fluids or secretions |
|
|
intractable |
not easily managed or controlled |
|
|
aspiration |
drawing in by suction or inhalation, a common complication of enteral feedings in which substances from the GI tract are drawn into the lungs. Aspiration risk is high in patients with esophageal disorders, neuromuscular diseases and conditions that reduce consciousness or cause dementia. |
|
|
french units |
units of measure for a feeding tube's outer diameter; 1 French = 1/3 milliliter |
|
|
gastric decompression |
the removal of stomach contents in patients with motility problems or obstructions |
|
|
transnasal |
feeding tube that is inserted through the nose |
|
|
nasogastric |
tube is placed into the stomach via the nose |
|
|
nasoenteric |
tube is placed into the GI tract via the nose |
|
|
nasoduodenal |
tube is placed into the duodenum via the nose |
|
|
nasojejunal |
tube is placed into the jejunum via the nose |
|
|
orogastric |
tube is inserted into the stomach through the mouth; often used to feed infants b/c nasogastric tube may hinder infant's breathing |
|
|
enterostomy |
an opening into the GI tract through the abdominal wall |
|
|
gastrostomy |
an opening into the stomach through which a feeding tube can be passed |
|
|
jejunostomy |
an opening into the jejunum through which a feeding tube can be passed |
|
|
standard formulas |
enteral formulas that contain mostly intact proteins and polysaccharides |
|
|
protein isolates |
proteins that have been isolated from foods |
|
|
blenderized formulas |
enteral formulas that are prepared by using a food blender to mix and puree whole foods |
|
|
elemental formulas |
enteral formulas that contain proteins and carbohydrates that are partially or fully hydrolyzed |
|
|
medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) |
triglycerides that contain fatty acids that are 8-10 carbons in length; MCT do not require digestion and can be absorbed in the absence of lipase or bile |
|
|
specialized formulas |
enteral formulas for patients with specific illnesses |
|
|
modular formulas |
enteral formulas prepared in the hospital from modules that contain single macronutrients; used for people with unique nutrient needs |
|
|
osmolality |
the concentration of osmotically active solutes in a solution, expressed as millosmoles per kilogram of solvent; affect osmosis |
|
|
isotonic formula |
a formula with an osmolality similar to that of blood serum (about 300 millosmoles per kg) |
|
|
hypertonic formula |
a formula with an osmolality greater than that of blood serum |
|
|
HACCP |
a management system to identify and correct potential microbial hazards in the preparation, staging, handling and administration of food products |
|
|
open feeding system |
a formula delivery system that requires the transfer of the formula from its original packaging to a feeding container |
|
|
closed feeding system |
a formula delivery system in which the sterile formula comes prepackaged in a container that can be attached directly to the feeding tube for administration |
|
|
intermittent feedings |
deliver of about 250-400 milliliters of formula over 30-45 minutes |
|
|
continuos feedings |
slow delivery of formula at a constant rate over an 8-24 hour period |
|
|
bolus feeding |
deliver of about 250-500 milliliters of formula over a 5-15 minute period |
|
|
cyclic feedings |
continuous feedings conducted for 8-16 hours daily, allowing patient mobility and bowel rest during the remaining hours of the day |
|
|
gastric residual volume |
volume of formula and GI secretions remaining in the stomach after a previous feeding |
|
|
peripheral veins |
the small diameter veins that carry blood form the limbs |
|
|
central veins |
the large diameter veins located close to the heart |
|
|
peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) |
the infusion of nutrient solutions into peripheral veins, usually a vein the arm or back of the hand |
|
|
phlebitis |
inflammation of a vein |
|
|
total parenteral nutrition (TPN) |
the infusion of nutrition solutions into a central vein
|
|
|
catheter |
a thin tube placed within a narrow lumen or body cavity; can be used to infuse or withdraw fluids or keep a passage open |
|
|
total nutrient admixture (TNA) |
a parenteral solution that contains dextrose, amino acids and lipids; called a 3-in-1 solution or all-in-one solution |
|
|
2-in-1 solution |
a parenteral solution that contains dextrose and amino acids; excludes lipids |
|
|
continuous parenteral nutrition |
continuous administration of parenteral solutions over a 24 hour period |
|
|
cyclic parenteral nutrition |
administration of parenteral solutions over a 10-14 hour period each day |
|
|
refeeding syndrome |
a condition that sometimes develops when a severely malnourished person is aggressively fed; characterized by electrolyte and fluid imbalances and hyperglycemia |
|
|
mechanically altered diet |
diets that contain foods that have been mechanically altered to modify texture or consistency; foods may be liquid, pureed, ground, chopped, minced or tenderized |
|
|
clear liquid diet |
a diet that consists of foods that are liquid at room temperature, require minimal digestion and leave little residue in the colon |
|
|
residue |
material left in the intestine after digestion; includes mostly dietary fiber and undigestible starches and proteins |
|
|
full liquid diet |
a liquid diet that includes clear liquids, milk, yogurt, ice cream and liquid nutritional supplements |
|
|
xerostomia |
dry mouth caused by reduced salivary flow |
|
|
Sjogren's syndrome |
an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of secretary glands, resulting in dry mouth and dry eyes |
|
|
dysphagia |
difficulty swallowing |
|
|
oropharyngeal dysphagia |
an inability to transfer food from the mouth and pharynx to the esophagus; usually caused by a neurological or muscular disorder |
|
|
esophageal dysphagia |
an inability to move food through the esophagus; usually caused by an obstruction or a motility disorder |
|
|
stricture |
abnormal narrowing of a passageway; often due to inflammation, scarring or a congenital abnormality |
|
|
achalasia |
esophageal disorder characterized by weakened peristalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter |
|
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
condition characterized by frequent reflux (backward flow) of the stomach's acidic contents into the esophagus |
|
|
hiatal hernia |
a condition in which the upper portion of the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm, most cases are asymptomatic |
|
|
reflux esophagitis |
inflammation in the esophagus resulting from the reflux of acidic stomach contents |
|
|
Barrett's esophagus |
a condition in which esophageal cells damaged by chronic exposure to stomach acid are replaced by cells that resemble those in the stomach or small intestine, sometimes becoming cancerous |
|
|
proton-pump inhibitors |
a class of drugs that inhibit the enzyme that pumps hydrogen ions into the stomach; examples: omeprazole (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (Prevacid) |
|
|
histamine-2 receptor blockers |
a class of drugs that suppress acid secretion by inhibiting receptors on acid-producing cells; H-2 blockers; examples: cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac) and famotidine (Pepcid) |
|
|
dyspepsia |
symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdominal area often called "indigestion"; a symptom of illness rater than a disease itself |
|
|
intractable vomiting |
vomiting that is not easily managed or controlled |
|
|
gastritis |
inflammation of the stomach tissue |
|
|
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) |
a species of bacterium that colonizes the GI mucosa; a primary cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease |
|
|
hyphochlorhydria |
abnormally low gastric acid secretions |
|
|
achlorhydria |
absence of gastric acid secretions |
|
|
atrophic gastritis |
a form of gastritis characterized by destruction of gastric mucosal tissue due to chronic inflammation |
|
|
peptic ulcer |
an open sore in the gastrointestinal mucosa; may develop in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum |
|
|
gastric outlet obstruction |
an obstruction that prevents that normal emptying of stomach contents into the duodenum |
|
|
gastrectomy |
the surgical removal of part of the stomach (partial) or the entire stomach (total) |
|
|
bariatric |
surgery that treats severe obesity |
|
|
dumping syndrome |
a cluster of symptoms that result from the rapid emptying of an osmotic load from the stomach into the small intestine |
|
|
bacterial overgrowth |
excessive bacterial colonization of the stomach and small intestine, may be due to reduced gastric acid secretions, altered motility or intestinal contents or changes in intestinal anatomy due to surgical reconstruction |
|
|
flatulence |
the condition of having excessive intestinal gas, which causes abdominal discomfort |
|
|
irritable bowel syndrome |
an intestinal disorder of unknown cause that disturbs the functioning of the large intestine; symptoms include abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea and constipation |
|
|
Crohn's disease |
an inflammatory bowel disease that usually occurs in the lower portion of the small intestine and the colon; the inflammation may pervade the entire intestinal wall |
|
|
ulcerative colitis |
an inflammatory bowel disease that involves the rectum and colon; the inflammation affects the mucosa and submucosa of the intestinal wall |
|
|
colectomy |
removal of a portion or all of the colon |
|
|
diverticulosis |
an intestinal condition characterized by the presence of small herniations (called diverticula) in the intestinal wall |
|
|
diverticulitis |
an inflammation or infection involving diverticula |
|
|
stoma |
a surgically created opening in a body tissue or organ |
|
|
colostomy |
a surgical passage through the abdominal wall into the colon |
|
|
ileostomy |
a surgical passage through the abdominal wall into the ileum |
|
|
resection |
the surgical removal of part of an organ or body structure |
|
|
endoscope |
a flexible fiber optic tube used for viewing internal cavities of the body |
|
|
biopsy |
removal of a tissue sample to determine the cause of an illness |
|
|
steatorrhea |
excessive fat in the stool due to fat malabsorption; characterized by stools that are loose, frothy, and foul smelling due to a high fat content |
|
|
soaps |
chemical compounds formed from fatty acids and positively charged minerals |
|
|
lactose intolerance |
intolerance to lactose-containing foods due to the loss or reduction of intestinal lactase; symptoms may include flatulence, bloating and diarrhea |
|
|
enteric coated |
refers to medication or enzyme preparations that are coast to withstand gastric acidity and dissolve only at the higher pH of the small intestine |
|
|
cystic fibrosis |
a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal chloride and sodium levels in exocrine secretions; often leads to respiratory illness and pancreatic insufficiency |
|
|
exocrine |
pertains to external secretions, such as those of the mucous membranes or the skin |
|
|
celiac disease |
an immune disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response to wheat gluten and related proteins |
|
|
wheat gluten |
a family of water-insoluble proteins in wheat |
|
|
dermatitis herpetiformis |
a gluten-sensitive disorder characterized by a severe skin rash |
|
|
short bowel syndrome |
the malabsorption syndrome that follows resection of the small intestine; characterized by inadequate absorption capacity of the remaining intestine |
|
|
intestinal adaptions |
physiological changes in the small intestine that increase its absorptive capacity after resection |
|
|
fatty liver |
an accumulation of fat in liver tissue |
|
|
steatophatitis |
liver inflammation that is associated with fatty liver |
|
|
hepatomegaly |
enlargement of the liver |
|
|
hepatitis |
inflammation of the liver |
|
|
jaundice |
yellow discolorations of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin that normally exits the body via bile secretions |
|
|
cirrhosis |
an advanced stage of liver disease in which extensive scarring replaces healthy liver tissue, causing impaired liver function and liver failure |
|
|
pruritis |
itchy skin |
|
|
hepatic portal vein |
the blood vessel that conducts nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver |
|
|
portal hypertension |
elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein due to obstructed blood flow through the liver and a greater inflow of portal blood |
|
|
collateral vessels |
blood vessels that enlarge or newly form to allow n alternative pathway for diverted blood |
|
|
varicies |
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity |
|
|
sinusoids |
the small capillary-like passages that carry blood through liver tissue |
|
|
hepatic encephalopathy |
a neurological complication of advanced liver disease that is characterized by changes in personality, mood, behavior, mental ability and motor functions |
|
|
hepatic coma |
loss of consciousness resulting from severe liver disease |
|
|
branched-chain amino acids |
the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine, which have side groups with a branched structure |
|
|
aromatic amino acids |
the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, which have carbon rings in their side group |
|
|
paracentesis |
a surgical puncture of a body cavity with an aspirator to draw out excessive fluid |
|
|
transjugular intrahepatic prtosystemic shunt |
a passage within the liver that connects a portion of the portal vein to the hepatic vein using a stent; access to the liver is gained via the jugular vein in the neck |
|
|
hyponatremia |
abnormally low sodium levels in the blood; a possible result of fluid overload |
|
|
biliary system |
the gallbladder and ducts that deliver bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine |
|
|
gallstones |
stones that form in the gallbladder from crystalline deposits of cholesterol or bilirubin |
|
|
cholelithiasis |
formation of gallstones |
|
|
sludge |
literally, a semi-solid mass |
|
|
cholecystitis |
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones |
|
|
peritonitis |
inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, which lines the abdominal cavity |
|
|
bacterial cholangitis |
bacterial infection involving the bile ducts |
|
|
cholecystectomy |
surgical removal of the gallbladder |
|
|
laparoscopic |
pertaining to procedures that use a laparoscope for internal examination or surgery |
|
|
shock-wave lithotripsy |
a non-surgical procedure that uses high amplitude sound waves to fragment gallstones or kidney stones |
|
|
diabetes mellitus |
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism |
|
|
insulin |
pancreatic hormone that regulates glucose metabolism |
|
|
renal threshold |
the blood concentration of a substance that exceeds the kidney's capacity for reabsorption, causing the substance to be passed into the urine |
|
|
oral glucose tolerance test |
a test that evaluates a person's ability to tolerate an oral glucose load |
|
|
glycated hemoglobin test |
hemoglobin that has non-enzymatically attached to glucose, the level of HbA1C in the blood helps to diagnose diabetes and evaluate long-term glycemic control |
|
|
prediabetes |
the state of having plasma levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes |
|
|
type 1 diabetes |
diabetes that is characterized by absolute insult deficiency, usually resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells |
|
|
autoimmune |
refers to an immune response directed against the body's own tissues |
|
|
acetone breath |
a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis |
|
|
albuminuria |
the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy |
|
|
claudication |
pain in the legs while waking, usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to muscles |
|
|
diabetic coma |
a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes, may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome or severe hyperglycemia; frequent death before insulin treatment was put in place |
|
|
diabetic nephropathy |
nerve damage that results from long-term diabetes |
|
|
diabetic retinopathy |
retinal damage that results from long-term diabetes |
|
|
gangrene |
death of tissue due to a deficient blood supply and/or infection |
|
|
gastroparesis |
delayed stomach emptying caused by nerve damage in stomach tissue |
|
|
glycosuria |
elevate blood glucose concentrations; normal fasting plasma glucose levels are lass than 100 mg/dL; 100-125 mg/dL suggest prediabetes; 126 mg/dL and above suggest diabetes |
|
|
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome |
a condition of extreme hyperglycemia associated with dehydration, hyperosmolar blood and altered mental status |
|
|
hypoglycemia |
abnormally low blood glucose concentrations |
|
|
ketoacidosis |
lowering of blood pH that results from the excessive production of ketone bodies |
|
|
ketonuria |
the presence of ketone bodies in the urine |
|
|
ketosis |
elevated levels of ketone bodies in the body |
|
|
macrovascular complications |
disorder that affect large blood vessels, including the coronary arteries and arteries of the limbs |
|
|
microvascular complications |
disorder that affect small blood vessels, including those in the retina and kidney |
|
|
peripheral vascular disease |
a condition characterized by impaired blood circulation in the limbs |
|
|
polydipsia |
excessive thirst |
|
|
polyphagia |
excessive appetite or hunger |
|
|
polyuria |
excessive urine production |
|
|
ketone bodies |
products of fat metabolism that are produced in the liver; accumulates in the blood when abnormally high amounts of fatty acids are released from adipose tissue |
|
|
type 2 diabetes |
diabetes that is characterized by insulin resistance coupled with insufficient insulin secretion |
|
|
insulin resistance |
reduced sensitivity to insulin in muscle, adipose and liver cells |
|
|
hyperinsulinemia |
abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood |
|
|
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) |
reactive compounds formed after glucose combines with protein; AGEs can damage tissues and lead to diabetic complications |
|
|
glycemic |
pertaining to blood glucose |
|
|
Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE) |
a health care professional who specializes in diabetes management education, certification is obtained from the National Citification Board for Diabetes Educators |
|
|
self-monitoring of blood glucose |
home monitoring of blood glucose levels using a glucose meter |
|
|
continuous glucose monitoring |
continous monitoring of tissue glucose levels using a small sensor placed under the skin |
|
|
glycemic index (GI) |
a ranking of carbohydrate foods based on their effect on blood glucose levels after ingestion |
|
|
carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio |
the amount of carbohydrate that can be handled per unit of insulin, on average, every 15 grams of carbohydrate requires about 1 unit of rapid- or short-acting insulin |
|
|
fasting hyperglycemia |
hyperglycemia that typically develops in the early morning after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours |
|
|
dawn phenomenon |
morning hyperglycemia that is caused by the early-morning release of growth hormone, which reduced insulin sensitivity |
|
|
rebound hyperglycemia |
hyperglycemia that results from the release of counterregulatory hormones following nighttime hypoglycemia; also called Somogyi effect |
|
|
macrosomia |
the condition of having an abnormally large body (in infants) |
|
|
aneurysm |
an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel (usually an artery) caused by weakness in the blood vessel wall |
|
|
angina pectoris |
a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region; pain often radiates to the left shoulder and the arm or to the back, neck, and lower jaw |
|
|
arteriosclerosis |
an arterial disease characterized by a buildup of lipids and fibrous scar tissue on the inner walls of arteries |
|
|
cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
|
|
coronary heart disease (CHD) |
a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries; also called coronary artery disease |
|
|
embolism |
the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death |
|
|
embolus |
an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood |
|
|
fatty streaks |
initial lesions of atherosclerosis that form on the artery wall, characterized by accumulations of foam cells, lipid material and connective tissue |
|
|
foam cells |
swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids |
|
|
ischemia |
inadequate blood supply within a tissue due to obstructed blood flow |
|
|
myocardial infarction |
death of heart muscle caused by a sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; aka heart attack or cardiac arrest |
|
|
peripheral artery disease |
impaired blood flow in there arteries of the legs; may cause pain or discomfort in the legs and feet |
|
|
plaque |
an accumulation of fatty deposits, fibrous connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells in blood vessels |
|
|
stroke |
a sudden injury to brain tissue resulting from impaired blood flow through an artery that supplies blood to the brain; aka cerebrovascular accident |
|
|
thrombosis |
the formation or presence of a blood clot in blood vessels |
|
|
thrombus |
a blood clot formed within a blood vessel that remains attached to its place of origin |
|
|
low-density lipoproteins (LDL) |
lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in the blood |
|
|
macrophages |
immune cells that engulf pathogens and cellular debris; they are derived from white blood cells called monocytes |
|
|
shear stress |
a stress that occurs sideways |
|
|
very-low-density lipoproteins (LVDL) |
lipoproteins that transport triglycerides from the liver to other tissues; aka blood triglycerides |
|
|
atherogenic |
able to initiate or promote atherosclerosis |
|
|
high-denisty lipoproteins (HDL) |
lipoproteins that help to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream by transporting it to the liver for reuse or disposal |
|
|
homocysteine |
an amino acid produced during the conversion of methionine to cysteine; blood homocysteine levels are influenced by intakes of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 |
|
|
plant sterols |
steroid compounds produced in plants; added to margarines, orange juice or supplied in dietary supplements |
|
|
hypertriglyceridemia |
elevated blood triglyceride levels |
|
|
ischemic stokes |
stokes caused by the obstruction of blood flow to brain tissue |
|
|
hemorrhagic strokes |
strokes cause by bleeding within the brain, which destroys or compresses brain tissue |
|
|
transient ischemic attacks |
brief ischemic stokes that cause short-term neurological symptoms |
|
|
heart failure |
a condition characterized by the heart's inability to pump adequate blood to the body's cells, resulting in fluid accumulation in the issues; aka congestive heart failure |
|
|
cardiac cachexia |
severe malnutrition that develops in heart failure patients, characterized by weight loss and tissue wasting |
|
|
nephron |
the functional unit of the kidneys consisting of a glomerulus and tubules |
|
|
glomerulus |
a tuft of capillaries within the nephron that filters water and solutes from the blood as urine production begins |
|
|
filtrate |
the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules eventually forming urine |
|
|
Bowman's capsule |
a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules |
|
|
tubules |
tubelike structures of the nephron that process filtrate during urine production; they are surrounded by capillaries that reabsorb substances retained by tubule cells |
|
|
creatinine |
the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction |
|
|
erythropoietin |
a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cells production |
|
|
renal |
pertaining to the kidneys |
|
|
nephrotic syndrome |
a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3-3.5 grams daily) as a result of severe glomerular damage |
|
|
proteinuria |
the present of protein in the urine |
|
|
hypoalbuminemia |
low plasma albumin concentrations |
|
|
deep vain thrombosis |
formation of a stationary blood clot in a deep vein, usually in a leg, which causes inflammation, pain and swelling, potentially fatal |
|
|
acute kidney injury |
the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days; potentially a cause of acute renal failure |
|
|
oliguria |
an abnormally low amount of urine, often less than 400 mL/day |
|
|
anuria |
the absence of urine; clinically identified as urine output less than 50 mL/day |
|
|
hyperkalemia |
elevated serum potassium levels |
|
|
hyperphosphatemia |
elevated serum phosphate levels |
|
|
uremia |
the accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood |
|
|
uremic syndrome |
the cluster of disorders caused by inadequate kidney function; complications include fluid, electrolyte and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances and other metabolic derangements |
|
|
dialysis |
a treatment that removes wastes and excess fluid from the blood after the kidneys haver stopped functioning |
|
|
diuresis |
increased urine production |
|
|
nephrotoxic |
toxic to the kidneys |
|
|
chronic kidney disease |
kidney disease characterized by gradual, irreversible deterioration of the kidneys aka chronic renal failure |
|
|
end-stage renal disease |
an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant in necessary to sustain life |
|
|
glomerular filtration rate |
the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys, normally about 125 mL/min. in healthy young adults |
|
|
aldosterone |
a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium (and therefore water) retention and potassium excretion |
|
|
parathyroid hormone |
a protein hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that helps to regulate serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate |
|
|
renal osteodystrophy |
a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a result of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation in the kidneys |
|
|
hemodialysis |
a treatment that removes fluids and wastes from the blood by passing the blood through a dialyzer |
|
|
dialyzer |
a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood aka artificial kidney |
|
|
dialysate |
the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood |
|
|
peritoneal dialysis |
a treatment that removes fluids and wastes from the blood by using the body's peritoneal membrane as a filter |
|
|
high energy density |
a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food; foods of high energy density are generally high in fat and low in water content |
|
|
hypokalemia |
low serum potassium levels |
|
|
hypercalcemia |
elevated serum calcium levels |
|
|
intradialytic parenteral nutrition |
the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids and some trace minerals |
|
|
kidney stones |
crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract aka renal calculi or nephrolithiasis |
|
|
hypercalciuria |
elevated urinary calcium levels |
|
|
hyperoxaluria |
elevated urinary oxalate levels |
|
|
gout |
a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid levels in the blood and urine and the deposition or uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation |
|
|
purines |
products of nucleotide metabolism that degrades to uric acid |
|
|
cystinuria |
a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine |
|
|
struvite |
crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate |
|
|
renal colic |
the intense pain that occurs when a kidney stone passes through the ureter; the pain typically begins in the back and intensifies as the stone travels toward the bladder |
|
|
hematuria |
blood in the urine |
|
|
metabolic stress |
a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury. metabolic stress is characterized by changes in metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure, hormonal status and nutrient metabolism |
|
|
respiratory stress |
a condition characterized by abdominal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in body tissues due to abdominal gas exchange between the air and blood |
|
|
hypermetabolism |
a higher-than-normal metabolic rate |
|
|
wasting |
the breakdown of muscle tissue that results from disease or malnutrition |
|
|
stress response |
the chemical and physical changes that occur within the body during stress |
|
|
inflammatory response |
a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury |
|
|
phagocytes |
immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens |
|
|
mast cells |
cells within connective tissue that produce and release histamine |
|
|
cytokines |
signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function |
|
|
eicosanoids |
20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting and other body functions |
|
|
systemic |
relating to the entire body |
|
|
acute-phase response |
changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins |
|
|
C-reactive protein |
an acute-phase protein produced in substantial amounts during acute inflammation; it binds dead or dying cells to active certain immune responses. C-reactive protein is considered the best clinical indicator of the acute-phase response although it is elevated during many chronic illnesses |
|
|
complement |
a group of plasma proteins that assist the actives of antibodies |
|
|
hepcidin |
an acute-phase protein involved in the regulation of iron metabolism |
|
|
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) |
a whole-body inflammatory response caused by severe illness or trauma; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and fever |
|
|
sepsis |
a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by signs and symptoms similar to those of SIRS |
|
|
shock |
a sever reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients, characterized by reduced blood pressure, raised heart and respiratory rates, and muscle weakness |
|
|
abscesses |
accumulation of pus |
|
|
debridement |
the surgical removal of dead, damaged or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds; helps to prevent infection and hasten healing |
|
|
refeeding syndrome |
a group of metabolic abnormalities that may result from aggressive refeeding in severely malnourished persons; characterized by shifts in fluid and electrolyte levels that can lead to organ failure and other complications |
|
|
indirect calorimetry |
a method of estimating resting energy expenditure by measuring a person's oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production |
|
|
hypocaloric feeding |
reduced kcalorie feedings that usually include sufficient protein and micronutrients to maintain nitrogen balance and prevent malnutrition |
|
|
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
a group of lump diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways, includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
|
|
bronchi, bronchioles |
the main airways of the lungs |
|
|
alveoli |
air sacs in the lungs |
|
|
chronic bronchitis |
a lung disorder characterized by persistent inflammation and excessive secretions of mucus in the main airways of the lungs |
|
|
emphysema |
a progressive lung disease characterized by the breakdown of the lungs' elastic structure and destruction of the walls of the bronchioles and alveoli, reading the surface area involved in respiration |
|
|
dyspnea |
shortness of breath |
|
|
respiratory failure |
a potentially life-threatening condition in which inadequate respiratory function impairs gas exchange between the air and circulating blood, resulting in abnormal levels of tissue gasses |
|
|
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) |
respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation |
|
|
hypoxemia |
a low level of oxygen in the blood |
|
|
hypercapnia |
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood |
|
|
hypoxia |
a low amount of oxygen in body tissues |
|
|
acidosis |
acid accumulation in body tissues; depresses the central nervous system and may lead to disorientation and, eventually coma |
|
|
cyanosis |
a bluish cast in the skin due to the color of deoxygenated hemoglobin. cyanosis is most evident in individuals with lighter, thinner skin; it is mostly seen on the lips, cheeks and ears and under the nails |
|
|
cancers |
diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of a group of abnormal cells, which can destroy adjacent tissues and spread to other areas of the body via the lymph or blood |
|
|
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV destroys immune cells and progressively impedes the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers |
|
|
malignant |
describes a cancerous cell or tumor, which can injure healthy tissue and spread cancer to the other regions of the body |
|
|
carcinogenesis |
the process of cancer development |
|
|
tumor |
an abnormal tissue mass that has no physiological function; tumors may be malignant aka neoplasm |
|
|
metastasize |
to spread from one part of the body to another; refers to cancer cells |
|
|
carcinogens |
substances that can cause cancer |
|
|
anorexia |
lack of appetite |
|
|
oral mucositis |
inflammation of the oral mucosa; signs may include swelling, redness, mouth sores, bleeding or ulcerations in mucosal tissue |
|
|
protein turnover |
the continuous degradation and synthesis of the body's proteins |
|
|
cancer cachexia |
a wasting syndrome associated with cancer that is characterized by anorexia, weight loss, muscle wasting and fatigue |
|
|
chemotherapy |
the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells; these drugs are called antineoplastic agents |
|
|
methotrexate |
an anticancer drug that inhibits cell division. methotrexate closely resembles the B vitamin folate, which is needed for DNA synthesis; the drug works by blocking activity of the enzyme that converts folate to its active form |
|
|
neutropenia |
a low white blood cell (neutrophil) count, which increases susceptibility to infection |
|
|
radiation therapy |
the use of x-rays, gamma rays, or atomic particles to destroy cancer cells |
|
|
radiation enteritis |
inflammation of intestinal tissue caused by radiation therapy |
|
|
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |
transplantation of the stem cells that produce red blood cells and white blood cells; the stem cells are obtained from bone marrow or circulating blood |
|
|
graft-versus-host disease |
a condition in which the immune ells in transplanted tissue (the graft) attach recipient (host) cells, leading to widespread tissue damage |
|
|
graft rejection |
destruction of donor tissue by the recipient's immune system, which recognizes the donor cells as foreign |
|
|
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) |
healthcare practices that have not been proved to be effective and consequently are not included as part of conventional treatment |
|
|
low-microbial diet |
a diet that contains foods that are unlikely to be contaminated with bacteria or other microbes |
|
|
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
the late stage of illness caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); characterized by severe damage to immune function |
|
|
helper T cells |
lymphocytes that have a specific protein called CD4 on their surfaces and therefore are also known as CD4+ T cells; these are the cells most affected in HIV infection |
|
|
opportunistic infections |
infections caused by microorganisms that normally do not cause disease in healthy people but are damaging to persons with compromised immune function |
|
|
AIDS-defining illnesses |
diseases and complications associated with the later stages of an HIV infection, including wasting, recurrent bacterial pneumonia, opportunistic infections, and certain cancers |
|
|
candidiasis |
a fungal infection on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and elsewhere |
|
|
herpes simplex virus |
a common virus that can cause blister like license on the lips of the mouth |
|
|
Kaposi's sarcoma |
a common cause in HIV-infected persons that is characterized by lesions in the skin, lungs and GI tract |
|
|
lipodystrophy |
abnormalities in body fat and fat metabolism that may result from drug treatments for HIV infection. the accumulation of abdominal fat is sometimes called protease paunch |
|
|
buffalo hump |
the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck |
|
|
lipomas |
benign tumors composed of fatty tissue |
|
|
cryptosporidiosis |
a foodborne illness caused by the parasite |
|
|
vitamins |
essential, nonkcaloric, organic nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the diet |
|
|
dietary supplements |
products that are added to the diet and contain any of the following ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a metabolite, a constituent, or an extract |
|
|
bioavailability |
the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used |
|
|
precursors |
compounds that can be converted into other compounds; with regard to vitamins, compounds that can be converted into active vitamins (provitamins) |
|
|
vitamin A |
a fat-soluble vitamin with 3 chemical forms; retinol (the alcohol form), retinal (the aldehyde form) and retinoic acid (the acid form) |
|
|
beta-carotene |
a vitamin A precursor made by plants and stored in human fat tissue; an orange pigment |
|
|
retinol-binding protein (RBP) |
the specific protein responsible for transporting retinol. measurement of the blood concentration of RBP is a sensitive test of vitamin A status |
|
|
cornea |
the hard, transparent membrane covering the outside of the eye |
|
|
retina |
the layer of light-sensitive nerve cells lining the back of the inside of the eye; consists of rods and cones |
|
|
pigment |
a molecule capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light so that it reflects only those that we perceive as a certain color |
|
|
rhodopsin |
a light sensitive pigment of the retina; contains the retinal form of vitamin A |
|
|
opsin |
the protein portion of the visual pigment molecule |
|
|
night blindness |
the slow recovery of vision after exposure to flashes of bright light at night; an early symptom of vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
differentiation |
the development of specific functions different from those of the original |
|
|
epithelial cells |
cells on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
epithelial tissue |
tissue composing the layers of the body that serve as selective barriers between the body's interior and the environment ex. the cornea, the skin, the respiratory lining and the lining of the digestive tract |
|
|
mucous membrane |
membrane composed of mucus-secreting cells that lines the surfaces of body tissues |
|
|
antioxidant |
a compound that protects other compounds from oxygen by itself reacting with oxygen; oxidation is a potentially damaging effect of normal cell chemistry involving oxygen |
|
|
free radicals |
highly reactive chemical forms that can cause destructive changes in nearby compounds, sometimes setting up a chain reaction |
|
|
dietary antioxidants |
compounds typically found in plant foods that significantly decrease the adverse effects of oxidation on living tissues. the major antioxidant vitamins are vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene |
|
|
keratin |
a water-insoluble protein; the normal protein of hair and nails. keratin-produing cells may replace mucus-produing cells in vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
xerophthalmia |
progressive blindness caused by inadequate mucus production due to sever vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
xerosis |
abnormal drying of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign of vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
keratomalacia |
softening of the cornea that leads to irreversible blindness; a sign of sever vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
follicle |
a group of cells in the skin from which a hair grows |
|
|
performed vitamin A |
vitamin A in its active form |
|
|
teratogenic |
causing abnormal fetal development and birth defects |
|
|
retinol activity equivalents (RAE) |
a measure of vitamin A activity; the amount of retinol that the body will derive from a food containing preformed retinol or its precursor beta-carotene |
|
|
calciferol |
vitamin D |
|
|
vitamin D2 |
vitamin D derived from plants in the edit, also called ergocalciferol |
|
|
vitamin D3 |
vitamin D derived from animals in the edit or made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol, with the help of sunlight, also called cholecalciferol |
|
|
rickets |
the vitamin D-deficiency disease in children |
|
|
osteomalacia |
a bone disease characterized by softening of the bones. symptoms include bending of the spine and bowing of the legs. the disease occurs most often in adults with renal failure or malabsorption disorders |
|
|
osteoporosis |
literally, porcus bones; reduced density of the bones, also known as adult bone loss |
|
|
fatty liver |
an accumulation of fat in liver tissue; also called hepatic steatosis |
|
|
steatohepatitis |
liver inflammation that is associated with fatty liver |
|
|
hepatomegaly |
enlargement of the liver |
|
|
hepatitis |
inflammation of the liver |
|
|
jaundice |
yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin that normally exits the body via bile secretions |
|
|
cirrhosis |
an advanced stage of liver disease in which extensive scarring replaces healthy liver tissue, causing impaired liver function and liver failure |
|
|
pruritis |
itchy skin |
|
|
hepatic portal vein |
the blood vessel that conducts nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver |
|
|
portal hypertension |
elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein due to obstructed blood flow through the liver and a greater inflow of portal blood |
|
|
collateral vessels |
blood vessels that enlarge or newly form to allow an alternative pathway for diverted blood |
|
|
varices |
abnormally dilated blood vessels |
|
|
ascites |
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity |
|
|
sinusoids |
the small capillary-like passaged that carry blood through liver tissue |
|
|
hepatic encephalopathy |
neurological complication of advanced liver disease that is characterized by changes in personality, mood, behavior, mental ability and motor functions |
|
|
hepatic coma |
loss of consciousness resulting from severe liver disease |
|
|
branched-chain amino acids |
the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine, which have side groups with a branched structure |
|
|
aromatic amino acids |
the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, which have carbon rings in their side groups |
|
|
paracentesis |
a surgical puncture of a body cavity with an aspirator to draw out excess fluid |
|
|
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt |
a passage within the liver that connects a portion of the portal vein to the hepatic vein using a stent; access to the liver is gained via jugular vein in the neck |
|
|
hyponatremia |
abnormally low sodium levels in the blood; a possibly result of fluid overload |
|
|
biliary system |
the gallbladder and ducts that deliver bile form the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine |
|
|
gallstones |
stones that form in the gallbladder from crystalline deposits of cholesterol or bilirubin, also called choleliths |
|
|
cholelithiasis |
formation of gallstones |
|
|
sludge |
literally, a semi-solid mass; biliary sludge is made up of mucus, cholesterol crystals and bilirubin granules |
|
|
cholecystitis |
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones |
|
|
peritonitis |
inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, which line the abdominal cavity |
|
|
bacterial cholangitis |
bacterial infection involving the bile ducts |
|
|
cholecystectomy |
surgical removal of the gallbladder |
|
|
laparoscopic |
pertaining to procedures that use a laparoscope for internal examination or surgery |
|
|
shock-wave lithotripsy |
a non-surgical procedure that uses high amplitude sound waves to fragment gallstones or kidney stones |
|
|
diabetes mellitus |
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism |
|
|
insulin |
a pancreatic hormone that regulates glucose metabolism; its actions are countered mainly by the hormone glucagon |
|
|
renal threshold |
the blood concentration of a substance that exceeds the kidneys' capacity for reabsorption, causing the substance to be passed into the urine |
|
|
hyperosmolar |
having an abnormally high osmolarity |
|
|
oral glucose tolerance test |
a test that evaluates a person's ability to tolerate an oral glucose load |
|
|
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) |
hemoglobin that has non enzymatically attached to glucose; the level of HbA1c in the blood helps to diagnose diabetes and evaluate long-term glycemic control |
|
|
acetone breath |
a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
|
|
|
albuminuria |
the presence of albumin (a blood protein) in the urine, a sign of diabetic nephropathy |
|
|
claudication |
pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to muscles |
|
|
diabetic coma |
a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome or severe hypoglycemia; frequent death before insane was routinely used to manage diabetes |
|
|
diabetic nephropathy |
damage to the kidneys that results from long-term diabetes |
|
|
diabetic neuropathy |
nerve damage that results from long-term diabetes
|
|
|
diabetic retinopathy |
retinal damage that results from long-term diabetes |
|
|
gangrene |
death of tissue due to a deficient blood supply and/or infection |
|
|
gastroparesis |
delayed stomach emptying caused by nerve damage in stomach tissue |
|
|
glycosuria |
the presence of glucose in the urine |
|
|
hyperglycemia |
elevated blood glucose concentrations; normal fasting plasma glucose levels are less than 100 mg/dL; pre diabetes levels are between 100-125 mg/dL; diabetes levels are 126 mg/dL and above |
|
|
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome |
a condition of extreme hyperglycemia associated with dehydration, hyperosmolar blood, and altered mental state |
|
|
hypoglycemia |
abnormally low blood glucose concentrations; in diabetes, hypoglycemia is treated when plasma glucose falls below 70 mg/dL |
|
|
ketoacidosis |
an acidosis (lowering of blood pH) that results from the excessive production of ketone bodies |
|
|
ketonuria |
the presence of ketone bodies in the urine |
|
|
ketosis |
elevated levels of ketone bodies in the body |
|
|
macrovascular complications |
disorders that affect large blood vessels, including the coronary arteries and arteries of the limbs |
|
|
microvascular complications |
disorders that affect small blood vessels, including those in the retina and kidneys |
|
|
peripheral vascular disease |
a condition characterized by impaired blood circulation in the limbs
|
|
|
polydipsia |
excessive thirst |
|
|
polyphagia |
excessive appetite or hunger |
|
|
polyuria |
excessive urine production |
|
|
prediabetes |
the state of having plasma glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes |
|
|
type 1 diabetes |
diabetes that is characterize by absolute insulin deficiency, usually resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells |
|
|
autoimmune |
refers to an immune response directed against the body's own tissue |
|
|
ketone bodies |
products of fat metabolism that are produced in the liver; accumulate in the blood when abnormally high amount of fatty acids are released from adipose tissue |
|
|
type 2 diabetes |
diabetes that is characterized by insulin resistance coupled with insufficient insulin secretion |
|
|
insulin resistance |
reduced sensitivity to insulin in muscle, adipose and liver cells |
|
|
hyperinsulinemia |
abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood |
|
|
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) |
reactive compounds formed after glucose combines with protein; AGEs can damage tissues and lead to diabetic complications |
|
|
glycemic |
pertaining to blood glucose |
|
|
self-monitoring of blood glucose |
home monitoring of blood glucose levels using a glucose meter |
|
|
continuous glucose monitoring |
continuous monitoring of tissue glucose levels using a small sensor placed under the skin |
|
|
glycemic index (GI) |
a ranking of carbohydrate foods based on their effect on blood glucose levels after ingestion; low-GI foods are those with a lesser glycemic effect whereas high-GI foods have a greater glycemic effect |
|
|
subcutaneous |
beneath the skin |
|
|
carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio |
the amount of carbohydrate that can be handled per unit of insulin; on avg. every 15 grams of carbs require about 1 unit of rapid- or short-acting insulin |
|
|
fasting hyperglycemia |
hyperglycemia that typically develops in the early morning after an overnight fast of at least 8 hrs. |
|
|
dawn phenomenon |
morning hyperglycemia that is caused by the early-morning release of growth hormone, which reduces insulin sensitivity |
|
|
rebound hyperglycemia |
hyperglycemia that results from the release of counter regulatory hormones following nighttime hypoglycemia; also called the Somogyi effect |
|
|
macrosomia |
the condition of having an abnormally large body; in infants, refers to birth weight of 4000 grams (8 lbs., 13 oz.) and above |
|
|
aneurysm |
an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel (usually an artery) cased by weakness in the blood vessel wall |
|
|
angina pectoris |
a condition caused by ischemia in the heart muscle that results in discomfort or dull pain in the chest region; the pain often radiates to the left shoulder and arm or to the back, neck and lower jaw |
|
|
atherosclerosis |
an arterial disease characterized by a buildup of lipids, and fibrous scar tissue on the inner walls of arteries |
|
|
cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
a general term describing diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
|
|
coronary heart disease (CHD) |
a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries; also called coronary artery disease |
|
|
embolism |
the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death |
|
|
embolus |
an abnormal particle, such as a blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood |
|
|
fatty streaks |
initial lesions of atherosclerosis that form on the artery wall, characterized by accumulation of foam cells, lipid material and connective tissue |
|
|
foam cells |
swollen cells in the artery wall that accumulate lipids |
|
|
ischemia |
inadequate blood supply within a tissue due to obstructed blood flow |
|
|
myocardial infarction |
death of heart muscle caused by sudden reduction in coronary blood flow; aka heart attack or cardiac arrest |
|
|
peripheral artery disease |
impaired blood flow in the arteries of the legs; may cause pain or discomfort in the legs and feet |
|
|
plaque |
an accumulation of fatty deposits, fibrous connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells in blood vessles |
|
|
stroke |
a sudden injury to brain tissue resulting from impaired blood flow through an artery that supplies blood to the brain |
|
|
thrombosis |
the formation or present of a blood clot in blood vessels; a coronary thrombosis occurs in a coronary artery; a cerebral thrombosis occurs in an artery that supplies blood to the brain |
|
|
thrombus |
a blood clot formed within a blood vessel that remains attached to its place of origin |
|
|
low-density lipoproteins (LDL) |
lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in the blood |
|
|
endothelial cells |
cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and body cavities |
|
|
macrophages |
immune cells that engulf pathogens and cellular debris; they are derived from white blood cells called monocytes |
|
|
shear stress |
a stress that occurs sideways against a surface rather than perpendicular to a surface; in blood vessels, turbulent blood flow can be harmful to endothelial cells, whereas regular blood flow is protective against atherosclerosis |
|
|
very-low-denisty lipoproteins (VLDL) |
lipoproteins that transport triglycerides from the liver to other tissues; in clinical practice, VLDL are commonly referred to as blood triglycerides |
|
|
atherogenic |
able to initiate or promote atherosclerosis |
|
|
high-density lipoproteins (HDL) |
lipoproteins that help to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream by transporting it to the liver for reuse or disposal |
|
|
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) |
reactive compounds formed after glucose combines with protein; AGEs can damage tissues and lead to diabetic complications |
|
|
homocysteine |
an amino acid produced during the conversion of methionine to cysteine; blood homocysteine levels are influenced by intakes of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 |
|
|
plant sterols |
steroid compounds produced in plants; those added to commercial food products are extracted from soybeans and pine tree oils; plant sterols can be hydrogenated to produce plant stannous, which have LDL-lowering effects similar to those of plant sterols |
|
|
hypertriglyceridemia |
elevated blood triglyceride levels |
|
|
ischemia strokes |
stokes caused by the obstruction of blood flow to brain tissue |
|
|
hemorrhage strokes |
stokes caused by bleeding within the brain, which destroys or compresses brain tissue |
|
|
transient ischemia attacks (TIAs) |
brief ischemic strokes that cause short-term neurological symptoms |
|
|
heart failure |
a condition characterized by the heart's inability to pump adequate blood to the body's cells, resulting in fluid accumulation in the tissues aka called congestive heart failure |
|
|
cardiac cachexia |
severe malnutrition that develops in heart failure patients; characterized by weight loss and tissue wasting |
|
|
nephron |
the functional unit of the kidneys, consisting of a glomerulus and tubules |
|
|
glomerulus |
a tuft of capillaries within the nephron that filters water and solutes from the blood as urine production begins |
|
|
filtrate |
the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine |
|
|
Bowman's capsule |
a cuplike component of the nephron that surround the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules |
|
|
tubules |
tubelike structures of the nephron that process filtrate during urine production; the tubules are surrounded by capillaries that reabsorb substances retained by tubule cells |
|
|
creatinine |
the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction |
|
|
erythropoietin |
a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cells production |
|
|
renal |
pertaining to the kidneys |
|
|
nephrotic syndrome |
a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3-3.5 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage |
|
|
proteinuria |
the presence of protein in the urine; when only urinary albumin is measured, the turn used is albuminuria |
|
|
hypoalbuminemia |
low plasma albumin concentrations; plasma proteins such as albumin help to maintain fluid balance within the blood; thus, low levels contribute to edema |
|
|
deep vein thrombosis |
formation of a stationary blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, usually in the leg, which causes inflammation, pain and swelling and is potentially fatal |
|
|
acute kidney injury |
the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days; potentially a cause of acute renal failure |
|
|
oliguria |
an abnormally low amount of urine; often less than 400 mL/day |
|
|
anuria |
the absence of urine; clinically identified as urine output less than 50 mL/day |
|
|
hyperkalemia |
elevated serum potassium levels |
|
|
hyperphosphatemia |
elevated serum phosphate levels |
|
|
uremia |
the accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood |
|
|
uremic syndrome |
the cluster of disorder caused by inadequate kidney function; complications include fluid, electrolyte and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements |
|
|
dialysis |
a treatment that removes wastes and excess fluid from the blood after the kidneys have stopped functioning |
|
|
diuresis |
increased urine production |
|
|
nephrotoxic |
toxic to the kidneys |
|
|
chronic kidney disease |
kidney disease characterized by gradual, irreversible deterioration of the kidneys aka chronic renal failure |
|
|
end-stage renal disease |
an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life |
|
|
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys, normally about 125 cumin in healthy young adults |
|
|
aldosterone |
a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium (and therefore water) retention and potassium excretion |
|
|
parathyroid hormone |
a protein hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that helps to regulate serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate |
|
|
renal osteodystrophy |
a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a result of increase secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation in the kidneys |
|
|
hemodialysis |
a treatment that removes fluids and wants from the blood by passing the blood through a dialyzer |
|
|
dialyzer |
a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood aka artificial kidney |
|
|
peritoneal dialysis |
a treatment that removes fluids and wastes from the blood by using the body's peritoneal membrane as a filter |
|
|
high energy density |
a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food; foods of high energy density are generally high in fat and low in water content |
|
|
hypokalemia |
low serum potassium levels |
|
|
hypercalcemia |
elevated serum calcium levels |
|
|
intradialytic parenteral nutrition |
the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals |
|
|
kidney stones |
crystalline masses that for in the urinary tract aka renal calculi or nephrolithiasis |
|
|
hypercalciuria |
elevated urinary calcium levels |
|
|
hyperoxaluria |
elevated urinary oxalate levels |
|
|
gout |
a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid levels in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation |
|
|
purines |
products of nucleotide metabolism that degrade the uric acid |
|
|
cystinuria |
a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine |
|
|
struvite |
crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate |
|
|
renal colic |
the intense pain that occurs when a kidney stone passes through the ureter; the pain typically begins in the back and intensifies as the stone travels towards the bladder |
|
|
hematuria |
blood in the urine |
|
|
metabolic stress |
a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury; metabolic |
|
|
respiratory stress |
a condition characterized by abnormal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in body tissues due to abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood |
|
|
hypermetabolism |
a higher-than-normal metabolic rate |
|
|
wasting |
the breakdown of muscle tissue that results from disease or malnutrition |
|
|
stress response |
the chemical and physical changes that occur within the body during stress |
|
|
inflammatory response |
a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury |
|
|
phagocytes |
immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens |
|
|
mast cells |
cells within connective tissue that produce and release histamine |
|
|
cytokines |
signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function |
|
|
eicosanoids |
20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting and other body functions |
|
|
systemic |
relating to the entire body |
|
|
acute-phase response |
changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins |
|
|
C-reactive protein |
an acute-phase protein produced in substantial amounts during acute inflammation; it binds dead or dying cells to active certain immune responses; C-reactive protein is considered the best clinical indicator of the acute-phase response although it is elevated during many chronic illnesses |
|
|
complement |
a group of plasma proteins that assist the activities of antibodies |
|
|
hepcidin |
an acute-phase protein involved in the regulation of iron metabolism |
|
|
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) |
a whole-body inflammation response caused by severe illness or trauma; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and fever |
|
|
sepsis |
a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by signs and symptoms similar to those of SIRS |
|
|
shock |
a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives that body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients; characterized by reduced blood pressure, raised heart and respiratory rates, and muscle weakness |
|
|
abscesses |
accumulation of pus |
|
|
debridement |
the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds; helps to prevent infection and hasten healing |
|
|
refeeding syndrome |
a group of metabolic abnormalities that may result from aggressive referring in severely malnourished persons; characterized by shifts in fluid and electrolyte levels that can lead to organ failure and other complications |
|
|
indirect calorimetry |
a method of estimating resting energy expenditure by measuring a person's oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production |
|
|
hypocaloric feedings |
reduced kcalorie feedings that usually include sufficient protein and micronutrients to maintain nitrogen balance and prevent malnutrition |
|
|
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
|
|
bronchi, bronchioles |
the main airways of the lungs |
|
|
alveoli |
air sacs in the lungs |
|
|
chronic bronchitis |
a lung disorder characterized by persistent inflammation and excessive secretions of mucus in the main airways of the lungs |
|
|
emphysema |
a progressive lung disease characterized by the breakdown of the lungs' elastic structure and destruction of the walls of the bronchioles and alveoli, reducing the surface area involved in respiration |
|
|
dyspnea |
shortness of breath |
|
|
respiratory failure |
a potentially life-threatening condition in which inadequate respiratory function impairs gas exchange between the air and circulating blood, resulting in abnormal levels of tissue gasses |
|
|
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) |
respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that caused dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation |
|
|
hypoxemia |
a low level of oxygen in the blood |
|
|
hypercapnia |
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood |
|
|
hypoxia |
a low amount of oxygen in the body tissues |
|
|
acidosis |
acid accumulation in body tissues; depresses the central nervous system and may lead to disorientation and, eventually coma |
|
|
cyanosis |
a bluish cast in the skin due to the color of deoxygenated hemoglobin; it is most evident in individuals with lighter, thinner skin; it is mostly seen on lips, cheeks and ears and under the nails |
|
|
cancers |
diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of a group of abnormal cells. which can destroy adjacent tissues and spread to other areas of the body via the lymph or blood |
|
|
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); HIV destroys immune cells and progressively impedes the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers |
|
|
malignant |
describes a cancerous cell or tumor, which can injure healthy tissues and spread cancer to other regions of the body |
|
|
carcinogenesis |
the process of cancer development |
|
|
tumor |
an abnormal tissue mass that has no physiological function; may be malignant (cancerous) or begin (noncancerous) |
|
|
metastasize |
to spread from one part of the body to another, refers to cancer cells |
|
|
carcinogens |
substances that can cause cancer |
|
|
anorexia |
lack of appetite |
|
|
oral mucositis |
inflammation of the oral mucosa; signs may include swelling, redness, mouth sores, bleeding or ulcerations in mucosal tissue |
|
|
cytokines |
signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; the cytokines that promote inflammation and catabolism include tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and y-interferon |
|
|
protein turnover |
the continuous degradation and synthesis of the body's proteins |
|
|
cancer cachexia |
a wasting syndrome associated with cancer that is characterized by anorexia, weight loss, muscle wasting and fatigue |
|
|
chemotherapy |
the use of drugs to arrest or destroy cancer cells; these drugs are called antineoplastic agents |
|
|
methotrexate |
an anticancer drug that inhibits cell division; it closely resembles the B vitamin folate, which is needed for DNA synthesis; the drug works by blocking activity of the enzyme that converts folate to its active form |
|
|
neutropenia |
the low white blood cell (neutrophil) count, which increases susceptibility to infection |
|
|
radiation therapy |
the use of x-rays, gamma rays or atomic particles to destroy cancer cells |
|
|
radiation enteritis |
inflammation of intestinal tissue caused by radiation therapy |
|
|
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |
transplantation of the stem cells that produce red blood cells and white blood cells; the stem cells are obtained from bone marrow or circulating blood |
|
|
graft-versus-host disease |
a condition in which the immune cells in transplanted tissue (the graft) attack recipient (host) cells, leading to widespread tissue damage |
|
|
graft rejection |
destruction of donor tissue by the recipient's immune system, which recognizes the donor cells as foreign |
|
|
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) |
healthcare practices that have no been proved to be effective and consequently are not included as part of conventional treatment |
|
|
low-microbial diet |
a diet that contains foods that are unlikely to be contaminated with bacteria or other microbes |
|
|
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS |
the late stage of illness caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), characterized by severe damage to immune function |
|
|
helper T cells |
lymphocytes that have a specific protein called CD4 on their surfaces and therefore are also known as CD4+ T cells; there are the cells most affected in HIV infection |
|
|
opportunistic infections |
infections caused by microorganisms that normally do not cause disease in healthy people but are damaging to persons with compromised immune function |
|
|
AIDS-defining illnesses |
diseases and complications associated with the late stages of HIV infection, including wasting, recurrent bacterial pneumonia, opportunistic infections and certain cancers |
|
|
candidiasis |
a fungal infection on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and elsewhere; usually caused by Candida albicans |
|
|
herpes simplex virus |
a common virus that can cause blister like lesions on the lips and in the mouth |
|
|
Kaposi's sarcoma |
a common cause in HIV-infected persons that is characterized by lesions in the skin, lungs and GI tract |
|
|
lipodystrophy |
abnormalities in the body fat and fat metabolism that may result from drug treatments of HIV infection; the accumulation of abdominal fat is sometimes caused protease paunch |
|
|
buffalo hump |
the accumulation of fatty tissue at the base of the neck |
|
|
lipomas |
benign tumors composed of fatty tissue |
|
|
cryptosporidiosis |
a foodborne illness cause by the parasite Cryp |
