Clinical Neuroscience

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord

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PNS

Back 2

Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory and motor nerves that exist outside of the brain; also includes 12 pair so cranial nerves

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Enteric

Back 3

"Gut Brain" Stomach and intestines; plays important role in digestion; contains intrinsic NS: Can run things without input from the brain
Governs production and output of hormones- serotonin in gut

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ANS

Back 4

Autonomic Nervous System: Maintenance component; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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Sympathetic

Back 5

Part of the PNS/ANS: Used in excite/arousal responses, "fight or flight;" increased BP,HR, dilates pupils

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Parasympathetic

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Part of the PNS/ANS: Used at rest; activates salivation, digestion etc...

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Window of Tolerance

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Boundaries of regulatory responses to stimuli; healthy person has wide WOT so daily flux of para and sym systems can be regulated and handled. Person with disorder may have narrow WOT and abnormal responses to stimuli

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Homeostasis

Back 8

Bodies natural "set points" to maintain balance; maintenance of stable state in body; HUGE correlation between physiological set points and psychological state

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Triune Brain + 3 Divisions

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Progression of evolution to current human state
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

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Medula Oblangata

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Hindbrain: responsible for startle response, breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, sneezing

Front 11

CNS

Back 11

Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 12

PNS

Back 12

Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory and motor nerves that exist outside of the brain; also includes 12 pair so cranial nerves

Front 13

Enteric

Back 13

"Gut Brain" Stomach and intestines; plays important role in digestion; contains intrinsic NS: Can run things without input from the brain
Governs production and output of hormones- serotonin in gut

Front 14

ANS

Back 14

Autonomic Nervous System: Maintenance component; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 15

Sympathetic

Back 15

Part of the PNS/ANS: Used in excite/arousal responses, "fight or flight;" increased BP,HR, dilates pupils

Front 16

Parasympathetic

Back 16

Part of the PNS/ANS: Used at rest; activates salivation, digestion etc...

Front 17

Window of Tolerance

Back 17

Boundaries of regulatory responses to stimuli; healthy person has wide WOT so daily flux of para and sym systems can be regulated and handled. Person with disorder may have narrow WOT and abnormal responses to stimuli

Front 18

Homeostasis

Back 18

Bodies natural "set points" to maintain balance; maintenance of stable state in body; HUGE correlation between physiological set points and psychological state

Front 19

Triune Brain + 3 Divisions

Back 19

Progression of evolution to current human state
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

Front 20

Medula Oblangata

Back 20

Hindbrain: responsible for startle response, breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, sneezing

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Pons

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Hindbrain: relay between cerebral cortex to cerebellum; contains reticular formation; responsible for sleep and arousal

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Cerebellem

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Hindbrain: coordinates complex mental activities and routes them to other parts of the brain; basic motor coordination- relationship between mvt and thinking

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Substania Nigra

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Hindbrain: communicates with basal ganglia to initiate mvt

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Limbic System

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Midbrain:Regulation of emotions; aids in learning, talks to enteric brain; includes: amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, insula, pituitary, hippocampus

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Amygdala

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Midbrain/Limbic: Implicit memory- emotional/body based; primarily negative emotions,mostly fear

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Hippocampus

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Midbrain/Limbic: Explicit memory/memory consolidation

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Thalaums

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Midbrain/Limbic: Relay station, sends sense info to brain, center of brain, regulation of brain waves

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Hypothalamus

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Midbrain/Limbic: Sympa system, influences fight or flight, neuroendocrine sys

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Pituitary

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Midbrain/limbic: hormone releasing, controls endocrine sys

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Insula

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Midbrain/limbic:relay station between body-limbic-cortex, provides emotionally relevant context for sensory info

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Forebrain

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Cerebral Cortex: Found in mammals that live in groups; includes: neocortex, orbitofrontal, cingulate gyrus, neostiatum, ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens

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Neocortex

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Forebrain: contains prefrontal; responsible for thinking, planning, abstracting, speech

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Orbitofrontal

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FB: responsible for impulse control

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Cingulate Gyrus

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FB: decision making, attention

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Neostriatum

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FB: Initiates complex motor actions, links thinking to movement

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Ventral Striatum

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FB: aggression,sex,eating

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Nucleus Accumbens

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FB: implicated in addiction, reward centres

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Interpreter Mechanism

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L Hem: creative, inventive talent; looks for order and reason; makes up reasonable, coherent stories to interpret R hem info; NOT NEC accurate

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Parts of a neuron

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Cell Body (Soma)
Nucleus
Axon
Dendrites
Dendritic Spine
Myelin

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Glia

Back 40

Type of cell

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How are glia different to other cells?

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1.Can transmit information to other neurons, blood vessels and glands very rapidly
2.Can function collectively as circuits; like to hang out in networks
3. Less able to recover from damage

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Synapse

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The space between the dendrite of one neuron and the end buds of another neuron where chemical changes occur to induce transmission
Essential for homeostasis

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Synapses in CNS

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excitatory and inhibitory

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Synapses in PNS

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excitatory

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Neural Networks

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Collections of neurons in the brain that communicate with a common theme; "Neurons that fire together, wire together"

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Neural Plasticity

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refers to the fact that the brain is capable of changing its structure (in terms of neural networks) in order to accommodate new learning; can occur in own mind or between minds (ex: client-therapist)

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Neurogenesis

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Component of neural plasticity; creation of new neurons; strong in hippocampus

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Synaptogenesis

Back 48

Component of neural plasticity; Creation of new synapses
structural change = form
new state of mind=function

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Types of Neurotransmitters

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Monoamine
Neuropeptide
Amino Acids

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Monoamines

Back 50

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

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Dopamine

Back 51

Monoamine NT: key in motor coordination and reward
Too much= impairs memory
Too little= disrupts motor fnc; Parkinsons

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Norepinephrine

Back 52

Monoamine NT: regulates fight/flight, relevant to stress/trauma
Too much=
anxiety/vigilance/attack
Too little= helplessness

Front 53

Serotonin

Back 53

Monoamine NT: regulates sleep/wake, mood, arousal
Influenced by social interaction
Aids in digestion

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Neuropeptides

Back 54

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Oxytocin

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Endorphins

Back 55

Neuropeptide NT: analgesic, modulates monoamines

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Enkephalins

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Neuropeptide NT: perception and regulation of pain

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Oxytocin

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Neuropeptide NT: related to bonding/attachment; associated with maternal behavior

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Vasopressin

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Neuropeptide NT: key role in homeostasis- regulation of water, salts, BP; synthesized in hypothalamus
Influences pain, pleasure, reward, stress

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Amino Acids

Back 59

Glutamate
GABA

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Ontogeny

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Biological development of an individual

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Phylogeny

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Biological development of a species

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Myelination

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The creation of myelin sheaths around axon of neuron; aids in fast transmission

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Experience Expectancy

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CNS: Expecting growth to happen at critical periods; neurons are waiting for experiences to occur for stimulation or else they will be pruned. Ex: language learning, walking

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Experience Dependency

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CNS: Capacity for growth is completely dependent on experience and learning; no critical window for growth; can occur throughout life. Ex: riding a bike, learning neuroscience

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Critical Windows

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Periods of time in which certain behaviors/learning needs to occur for optimal neural development. If experience does not occur during these windows, neural connections will not be made

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Secure vs. Insecure attachment

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Related to infant-mother relationship; attuned moms create secure attachments in babies whereas non-attuned moms create insecure attachments

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What does secure attachment look like in infant?

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Child demands mom's attention when mom does not give it; child can self-soothe, is easily comforted

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What does insecure attachment look like in child?

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Child becomes despondent when mom does not attend; child may not self-soothe, is not easily comforted

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Affect Synchrony

Back 69

Mom is external, psychobiological regulator of infant; mom's affect synchronizes with child's (emotional attachment is mirrored by mother)