Clinical Medicine Chapter 1

Front 1

What is physiology?

Back 1

the study of the functions of a living organism

Front 2

What is pathology?

Back 2

the study of processes & mechanisms of a disease

Front 3

What is pathophysiology?

Back 3

the study of how normal physiology is affected by a disease

Front 4

What is Wellness?

Back 4

the mental, social, and physical well being NOT just absence of a disease

Front 5

What is Normal?

Back 5

normal is contextual and can be different in each culture. must look at what is common in that region.

Front 6

Reliability

Back 6

if repeated, will i get the same results

Front 7

Validity

Back 7

to what extent does the measuring tool measure what it's intended for

Front 8

Sensitivity

Back 8

AKA true positive test
amount of people tested (+) for a disease on a given test for that disease

Front 9

Specificity

Back 9

AKA true-negative test
the amount of people who are found (-) for the disease tested for

Front 10

Predictive Value

Back 10

extent that the results will predict the presence of a disease

Front 11

How do you know if something is not functioning normally?

Back 11

1)Establish a range of what is normal in that community.
2) Establish baseline values

Front 12

Epidemiology

Back 12

the study of the occurrence (frequency) of a disease in a community

Front 13

What are things epidemiology can tell us?

Back 13

1) disease frequency- incidence & prevalence
2)morbidity
3)mortality

Front 14

Incidence:
Prevalence:
Mortality:
Morbidity:

Back 14

# of new cases arising in an at risk population.
*measure of existing disease in pop.
*the effects of illness on a person
*death stats on health trends in pop.

Front 15

How to use the natural history of a disease:

Back 15

be a predictor of outcome for diseases that have no effective treatment

Front 16

Three Levels of Disease Prevention:
1)Primary
2)Secondary
3)Tertiary

Back 16

1) decrease the amount of risk factors (immunizations, seat belts)
2) detecting disease while curable PAP
3) prevent further spread of disease or deterioration.

Front 17

Evidence based practice and guidelines:

Back 17

are used to make decision on helath of individuals. Clinical expertise is used, along with algorithms for step by step guide through examination

Front 18

P Value:
AKA Probability Value Level

*Always want a large # of people in study for better results

Back 18

likelihood of whether or not the difference observed bw two interventions was by chance.
Low P value=low random chance.
High significance=not random

Front 19

After P value is found significant with no random chance what is done next?

Back 19

have to decide on clinical significance

Highly significant<0.05
Not significant>0.05

Front 20

Causal Model of risk factors for CVD:
(cause & effect stepping blocks)

Back 20

1) environmental factors-work
2)genetic risks(family history) OR behavioral risks(smoking,diet,exercise)
3)Biological risks-hypertension
4)morbidity & mortality-stroke, MI

Front 21

Uses for Epidemiology:

Back 21

1) natural history of disease
2) provide disease surveillance
3) evaluate diagnostic testing
4) evaluate prognosis

Front 22

BIAS

Back 22

systematic errors in collecting or interpreting data causing a deviation of results from the truth.

Front 23

2 types of BIAS:

Back 23

1)selection bias: noncomparable criteria use to enroll patients
2)information bias: noncomparable info is obtained due to interviewer bias

Front 24

Confounding:

Back 24

results when the effect of an exposure on disease is distorted bc of exposure to another factor.
something that interferes with a study.

Front 25

Pathology:

Back 25

study of what is abnormal or diseased

Front 26

What is diagnosis?

Back 26

describes a patient's disease based on signs, symptoms, & results from tests.
*always need background knowledge of diseases to help narrow down

Front 27

What is general pathology?

What is specific pathology?

Back 27

1) common changes in all tissues
2) specific changes in organs

Front 28

What is Etiology?

Back 28

finding out the cause of the disease. Usually multi-factoral but can be unifactoral.

Front 29

What is Morphology?

Back 29

structural change in an organism

Front 30

With Diseases You can have:

Back 30

1) one agent>one disease=malaria
2)many agents>one disease=diabetes
3) one agent>several diseases =smoking

Front 31

Differential Diagnosis:

VITAMIN E

Back 31

Vasuclar
Inflammatory/infections
Trauma
Acquired/Autoimmune
Metabolic
Inherited
Neoplastic
Environmental