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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is primary dementia?
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a neurodegenerative process that occurs independent from an external stimulus
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what is secondary dementia?
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a dementia due to some sort of external stimuli (trauma, infection, metabolic, etc)
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what is the most common type of dementia?
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alzheimer's disease
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what is the type of dementia that is brought on by depression or hypomania?
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pseudodementia
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what are the 3 major cognitive abilities that are affected by dementia?
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memory
behavior personality |
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what is sundowning?
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when people with dementia have episodes of delirium at night
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what are the 3 most important risk factors for alzheimer's disease?
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1) age
2) genetics 3) apolipoprotein E status |
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what is usually the first prominent symptom in alzheimers?
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memory loss
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what does myoclonus in an alzheimer's patient usually signify?
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that the patient has a new concurrent problem such as a UTI, pneumonia, infected wound, etc
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T or F: we can make a definitive diagnosis of alzheimer's disease from lab tests and MRI.
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false
we diagnose alzheimer's disease clinically |
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what must be done for a definitive diagnosis for alzheimer's disease?
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must examine tissue under the microscope
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what percentage of patients diagnosed with alzheimer's disease will actually be found to have AD pathology on autopsy?
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80-90%
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what is the gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?
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post-mortem pathology
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what are common radiographical findings in alzheimer's patients?
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-atrophy of the hippocampi
- cortical atrophy - ventricular enlargement |
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what are the 3 main clinical findings in Pick's disease (or frontotemporal dementia)?
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- dementia
- aphasia - apraxia |
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what are the 3 forms of frontotemporal dementia? which one is most common?
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- the behavioral variant
- primary progressive aphasia - semantic dementia behavioral variant is most common |
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what will an MRI reveal in patients with frontotemporal dementia?
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frontal and temporal lobe atrophy
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describe the usually course of a patient with behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia.
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- relatively early decline in social and behavioral conduct
- no insight into the fact they are doing anything wrong - relatively sparred memory |
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what will clinically differentiate frontotemporal dementia from alzheimer's disease?
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FTD will have social/behavioral problems first and memory problems later.
AD will have memory problems first and social/behavioral problems later |
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what will you find under microscopic examination of a person with FTD?
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pick bodies
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patient has progressive aphasia with fluent, empty, spontaneous speech and dementia. which form of FTD is most likely?
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semantic dementia
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patient has a non-fluent speech with anomia, stuttering and paraphasias and dementia?
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primary progressive aphasia
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what two diseases of the CNS will you find lewy bodies?
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parkinson's disease
dementia with lewy bodies |
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what protein is abnormally folded in frontotemporal dementia?
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Tao
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what protein is abnormally folded in dementia with lewy bodies?
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synuclein
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what area of the brain do lewy bodies have tropism for?
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substantia nigra
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what is the main distinguishing feature between alzheimer's disease and dementia with lewy bodies?
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dementia with lewy bodies has parkinsonian features
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what are the 3 major diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia?
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- presence of a stroke within 3 months of the onset or worsening of the dementia
- presence of bilateral gray matter infarcts in the frontal, temporal, or parietal lobes, basal ganglia or thalamus - symptoms or exam evidence of neurologic signs consistent with prior strokes |
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what is Percheron's artery? why is it clinically important?
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- an anatomic variant were both thalami are supplied by one artery as opposed to 2 separate arteries
- a well placed infarct in someone with a percheron's artery will cause damage to both thalami leading to memory problems or even dementia |
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what is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
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an increase in CSF volume without an increase in intracranial pressure
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what is the classic triad for normal pressure hydrocephalus?
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- apraxia
- dementia - incontinence |
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patient presents with spongiform encephalopathy, periodic sharp waves on EEG, 14-3-3 protein in CSF, and rapidly progressing dementia. what is the most likely diagnosis?
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Creutzfeldt Jacob disease
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