Clinical Head And Neck - 01

Front 1

What is the name of the compartment the brain sits in?

Back 1

neurocranium, cranial cavity

Front 2

Name the three layers of skull bone and state what type of bone they are.

Back 2

Outer table - compact bone
Diploe - spongy bone
Inner table - compact bone

Front 3

Immobile, fibrous joints uniting the skull bones

Back 3

sutures

Front 4

Dome-shaped roof of skull.

Back 4

Calvaria, skullcap

Front 5

Chief blood supply to the skull bones

Back 5

meningeal arteries, particularly the middle meningeal artery

Front 6

The area on the lateral aspect of the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones unite.

Back 6

pterion

Front 7

The pterion is an important landmark; it marks the site of the ...

Back 7

anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery

Front 8

Why is a skull fracture at the pterion life-threatening?

Back 8

It can rupture the middle meningeal artery, causing a epidural bleed (hematoma).

Front 9

Membranous intervals of the skull in infants.

Back 9

fontanelles

Front 10

What radiologic procedure is possible in an infant, but not an adult, due to the presence of fontanelles?

Back 10

Ultrasound of the brain, which normally cannot penetrate the bone.

Front 11

Bulging of the fontanelles indicates ...

Back 11

increased intracranial pressure

Front 12

Increased intracranial pressure in infants is evidenced by ...

Back 12

bulging fontanelles

Front 13

What are the five layers of the scalp?

Back 13

S.C.A.L.P. - skin, connective tissue (dense), aponeurosis, loose connective tissue (areolar), pericranium

Front 14

What are the borders of the scalp?

Back 14

Anteriorally, the superior margins of the orbits; laterally, the zygomatic arches; posteriorly, the superior nuchal line

Front 15

Which layers of the scalp are fused and move as a unit?

Back 15

The outer three layers (skin, dense connective tissue, and aponeurosis).

Front 16

What connects the three outer layers of the scalp, such that they move as a unit?

Back 16

Fibrous septa of the dense connective tissue

Front 17

What distinguishes a gaping scalp wound from a non-gaping scalp wound?

Back 17

Gaping scalp wounds occur when the aponeurosis is lacerated coronally; the tension pulls the wound apart. If the laceration does not penetrate the aponeurosis, it will hold the edges of the wound together.

Front 18

Where are sebaceous cysts found in the scalp?

Back 18

In the skin.

Front 19

What causes a sebaceous cyst?

Back 19

Obstruction of a sebaceous gland duct.

Front 20

Why do superficial scalp wounds bleed profusely?

Back 20

The fibrous septa firmly root the walls of the arteries and prevent their retraction when lacerated.

Front 21

All muscles of facial expression are innervated by ...

Back 21

Cranial Nerve 7 (CN VII)

Front 22

Origin and insertion of frontalis muscle

Back 22

Origin: anterior border of epicranial aponeurosis; insertion: skin and subcutaneous tissue of the eyebrows

Front 23

Action of the frontalis muscle

Back 23

Wrinkles the forehead and raises eyebrows

Front 24

Origin and insertion of occipitalis muscle

Back 24

Origin: superior nuchal line (occipital bone) and the mastoid process of the temporal bone; insertion: posterior border of epicranial aponeurosis.

Front 25

Action of the occipitalis muscle

Back 25

Pulls scalp posteriorly

Front 26

Which scalp layer forms a cleavage plane between the other layers?

Back 26

Loose connective tissue (areolar), allowing the first three layers to slide over the pericranium

Front 27

What is the danger area of the scalp?

Back 27

Loose connective tissue (areolar); blood or pus can spread easily through this layer.

Front 28

Name two ways infection can spread in the loose connective tissue (areolar).

Back 28

Into the eyelids anteriorly, because the frontalis does not connect to the bone; also into the cranial cavity through emissary veins.

Front 29

What role do the emissary veins have in the spread of a scalp infection?

Back 29

Infection in the fourth layer can reach the cranial cavity through the emissary veins.

Front 30

Cephalohematoma is a bleed between which two layers?

Back 30

pericranium and underlying bone

Front 31

What is characteristic about the shape of a cephalohematoma?

Back 31

It will form the shape of the skull bone underneath it, since the bleeding is limited by the sutures.

Front 32

Benign complication of birth injury to the skull; name and layer

Back 32

cephalohematoma; between pericranium and skull bone

Front 33

Blood supply of the scalp; five arteries

Back 33

supratrochlear, supraorbital, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital

Front 34

Which arteries of the scalp are indirectly derived from the internal carotid artery?

Back 34

Supratrochlear and supraorbital; they branch off the ophthalmic artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

Front 35

Which arteries of the scalp derive directly from the external carotid artery?

Back 35

Superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital artery.

Front 36

Which layer contains the blood supply to the scalp?

Back 36

Connective tissue (dense); the second layer

Front 37

What useful clinical application is derived from the abundant anastomoses of the scalp arteries?

Back 37

Large areas of the scalp can be detached and reattached.

Front 38

Where does the supraorbital artery exit the orbit, and what is its path relative the supratrochlear artery?

Back 38

Exits at the supraorbital notch/foramen and lies lateral to the supratrochlear artery.

Front 39

Where does the supratrochlear artery exit the orbit, and what is its path relative the supraorbital artery?

Back 39

Exits at the upper medial corner of the orbit, and lies medial to the supraorbital artery.

Front 40

Describe the path of the superficial temporal artery and its location relative the auriculotemporal nerve

Back 40

Ascends anterior to the ear; it is anterior to the auriculotemporal nerve.

Front 41

Describe the path of the posterior auricular artery.

Back 41

Ascends posterior to the ear.

Front 42

Describe the path of the occipital artery.

Back 42

Enters the scalp posteriorly, accompanying the greater occipital nerve.

Front 43

Which arteries supply the front of the scalp?

Back 43

Supratrochlear and supraorbital.

Front 44

Which artery supplies the temple region?

Back 44

superficial temporal artery

Front 45

Which artery supplies the area behind the ear?

Back 45

posterior auricular artery

Front 46

Which artery supplies the scalp posteriorly?

Back 46

occipital artery

Front 47

Which nerve supplies the scalp anterior to the ear?

Back 47

CN V, the trigeminal nerve

Front 48

Which nerves supply the scalp posterior to the ear?

Back 48

Branches of the spinal nerves C2 and C3

Front 49

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Back 49

ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2), and mandibular (CN V3)

Front 50

Which nerves supply the front of the scalp?

Back 50

Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, both branches of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)

Front 51

Which nerves supply the temporal region?

Back 51

zygomaticotemporal n. (anteriorly) and auriculotemporal n. (posteriorly)

Front 52

The zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of ...

Back 52

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)

Front 53

The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of ...

Back 53

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Front 54

What is the path of the zygomaticotemporal nerve?

Back 54

Passes superiorly from the lateral edge of the orbit

Front 55

What is the path of the auriculotemporal nerve? What is its relationship to the superficial temporal artery?

Back 55

Ascends anterior to the ear; it lies posterior to the superficial temporal artery.

Front 56

Describe the path of the lesser occipital nerve, and its relationship to the greater occipital nerve.

Back 56

Ascends posterior to the ear; it is anterior to the greater occipital nerve.

Front 57

Describe the path of the greater occipital nerve and its relationship to the lesser occipital nerve.

Back 57

Pierces the semispinalis capitis and trapezius; lies posterior relative the lesser occipital nerve.

Front 58

What artery accompanies the greater occipital nerve in the back of the scalp?

Back 58

occipital artery

Front 59

Name the two layers of the dura mater

Back 59

Outer: periosteal dura
Inner: meningeal dura

Front 60

What does the periosteal dura adhere to?

Back 60

The inner table of the skull bones.