Clinical Chemistry Test 2: Gi And Pancreas

Front 1

Name the 5 major organs of the GI system

Back 1

1) Stomach
2) Small Intestine
3) Large Intestine
4) Pancreas
5) Gall bladder

Front 2

What are the two kinds (and their sites) of digestion?

Back 2

1) Mechanical (Primarily Mouth)
2) Chemical (Primarily Stomach)

Front 3

Name the 3 major salivary glands

Back 3

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

Front 4

What increases saliva production?

Back 4

Food in the mouth, odors, conditioned reflexes, and nausea

Front 5

What decreases saliva prodcution?

Back 5

Sleep, dehydration, fear, and anticholinergic drugs

Front 6

What three enzymes are contained in the saliva (along with immunoglobulins)?

Back 6

Amylase
Lipase
Lysozymes

Front 7

What are the three main roles of saliva?

Back 7

Killing bacteria
Food breakdown
Protection of mouth

Front 8

What moves the food bolus to the stomach from the mouth?

Back 8

Peristaltic waves of the esophagus

Front 9

What are the three zones of the stomach (and their main function)?

Back 9

Cardiac: Mucus secretion

Body: Acid, enzyme, mucus, intrinsic factor secretions

Pyloric: Mucus, gastrin secretion

Front 10

What is chyme?

Back 10

A mixture of food and Hydrochloric acid

Front 11

What do the mucous cells of the stomach secrete that lubricates and protects the epithelial surface?

Back 11

Bicarbonate-rich Mucus (to neutralize acid/keep us from digesting ourselves)

Front 12

What two things are the parietal cells for?

Back 12

1) Producing HCl with proton pump, which can be inhibited by drugs

2) Secreting glycoproteins, intrinsic factor, and R-protein for absorption of Vitamin B12

Front 13

What cell types secrete pepsin and lipase?

Back 13

Chief cells

Front 14

What cell types produce serotonin?

Back 14

Enterochromaffin-like cells

Front 15

What cells secrete gastrin?

Back 15

G cells

Front 16

What cells secrete somatostatin?

Back 16

D cells

Front 17

True or false: The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

Back 17

True

Front 18

What three endocrine hormones does the pancreas make?

Back 18

Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

Front 19

What are three exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Back 19

1) Make/store/release digestive enzymes
2) Make/store/release HCO3
3) Make/store/release mucins

Front 20

What is the type of cell that makes digestive enzymes?

Back 20

Acinar cells

Front 21

What is the name of the small organ that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver?

Back 21

Gallbladder

Front 22

What do bile salts do?

Back 22

Emulsify fats

Front 23

What peptide hormone stimulates the gallbladder?

Back 23

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Front 24

True or false: Bile salts are readily excreted due to their cholesterol backbone

Back 24

False: While they do have a cholesterol backbone, they are not excreted as they are difficult for the body to make. They are instead recycled via enterohepatic recirculation.

Front 25

What is the major site of absorption in the gut?

Back 25

Small intestine

Front 26

Where are bile salts reabsorbed?

Back 26

Large intestine

Front 27

What causes defecation?

Back 27

Rectal distension

Front 28

What type of enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

Back 28

Amylases

Front 29

True or false: Only monosaccharides may be absorbed (i.e. glucose, fructose, and galactose)

Back 29

True

Front 30

What are the enzymes that break down proteins?

Back 30

Pepsin
Trypsin
Chyotrypsin
Elastase
Carboxypeptidase (A & B)

Front 31

Which protein digestive enzyme triggers all others?

Back 31

Trypsin

Front 32

What digests lipids?

Back 32

Bile acids and lipases

Front 33

True or false: Lipids can be directly absorbed in the intestine.

Back 33

False; micelles are formed around the fatty acids and then make contact with the cell to facilitate transport

Front 34

Which type of lipoprotein is absorbed into the lymphatic system?

Back 34

Chylomicrons

Front 35

Where are sodium, chlorine, and potassium absorbed?

Back 35

Small intestine

Front 36

What hormone causes potassium secretion in the colon?

Back 36

Aldosterone

Front 37

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Back 37

A, D, E, K

Front 38

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

Back 38

Na+ Dependent Co-transport

Front 39

What vitamin deficiency leads to pernicious anemia?

Back 39

Vitamin B12

Front 40

Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed?

Back 40

Ileum

Front 41

What is calcium deficiency called (in children and adults)?

Back 41

Children: Rickets
Adults: Osteomalcia

Front 42

What are the two forms of iron that can be absorbed into the small intestine?

Back 42

Free iron and Heme iron

Front 43

What is the most common cause of anemia?

Back 43

Iron deficiency

Front 44

What three divisions of the nervous system help innervate the GI tract?

Back 44

Enteric, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic

Front 45

What are the four most important endocrine GI hormones?

Back 45

Gastrin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Front 46

What are the two most important paracrine GI hormones?

Back 46

Somatostatin
Histamine

Front 47

What are the three most important neurocrine GI hormones?

Back 47

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Gastrin Releasing Peptide
Enkephalins

Front 48

What are four actions of gastrin?

Back 48

1) Increases H+ secretion by gastric cells
2) Stimulates gastric emptying
3) Stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle
4) Early tumor marker

Front 49

What are four actions of CCK?

Back 49

1) Stimulates bile secretion by gallbladder
2) Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion
3) Stimulates exocrine pancreas growth
4) Inhibits gastric emptying

Front 50

What are four actions of Secretin?

Back 50

1) Coordinate reduction of H+ in sm. intestine
2) Stimulate pancreatic HCO3-/mucin secretion
3) Increase bile production
4) Inhibit H+ secretion by gastric cells

Front 51

Name two things that stimulate the secretion of CCK.

Back 51

1)Small peptides/amino acids
2)Fatty acids/monoglycerides

In the duodenem/jejunum

Front 52

Name three things that stimulate the secretion of secretin.

Back 52

1) H+ in the lumen of the intestines
2) Partially digested carbs, fats, and proteins
3) Hypertonic/hypotonic fluids

Front 53

Where is GIP secreted?

Back 53

Duodenem/jejunum

Front 54

What causes the release of GIP?

Back 54

Fatty acids, amino acids, orally administered glucose

Front 55

What are three actions of GIP?

Back 55

Stimulation of insulin release in the pancreas
Inhibits H+ secretion
Increase intestinal fluid

Front 56

What four things does somatostatin inhibit?

Back 56

Release of GI hormones
GI blood flow
Gastric H+ secretion
Gastric motility/emptying

Front 57

What causes the secretion of histamine from mast cells?

Back 57

Food in the stomach

Front 58

What does Histamine do for the H+ concentration?

Back 58

Increase

Front 59

What does VIP relax in the GI system?

Back 59

Smooth muscle, lower esophageal sphincter

Front 60

What does VIP stimulate in the pancreas?

Back 60

HCO3- secretion

Front 61

Name the effect of on acid production:
Gastrin
Secretin
Histamine
Somatostatin
GIP
VIP

Back 61

Gastrin: Increase
Secretin: Decrease
Histamine: Increase
Somatostatin: Decrease
GIP: Decrease
VIP: Decrease