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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 major lipoproteins and the major lipid on each one?
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Chylomicrons- tirglyceride
VLDL- triglyceride LDL- cholesterol HDL- cholesterol and phospholipid |
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Which lipoprotein has the most protein? the least?
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HDL has the most amount of protein
Chylomicron has the least amount of protein |
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What order do lipoproteins separate on electrophoresis (starting from origin)?
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cellulose acetate: LDL, VLDL, HDL
PAGE: VLDL, LDL, HDL (chylomicrons remain at the origin) |
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What type of electrophoresis separates based on charge?
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cellulose acetate
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What type of electrophoresis separates based on charge and size?
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PAGE
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What specimen considerations are needed for a triglyceride test?
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12 hour fast
hepranized plasma is ideal |
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Where do the liporpoteins originate?
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Chylomicron- intestine
VLDL- liver LDL- from VLDL HDL- liver |
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What is the equation for LDL?
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Triglycerides myst be <400 mg/dl
LDL= Total Cholesterol -HDL-VLDL (VLDL=triglyceride/5) |
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Is Apo A1 associated with HDL or LDL?
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HDL
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Is Apo B associated with HDL or LDL?
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LDL
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Cholesterol oxidase method
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Cholesterol + O2= cholest-4-en-3-one + H2O2
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What are the 3 methods for enzymatic analysis of triglycerides?
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Glycerophosphate oxidase- colormetric
Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase- UV Pyruvate kinase- either |
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What is meant by the refridgerator test?
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Put sample in fridge and wait for it to cool. When cooled a creamy layer will form on top, those are chylomicrons.
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What are the normal levels for triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol
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triglycerides- < 150 mg/dl
HDL- > 40 mg/dl LDL- < 130 mg/dl total cholesterol- < 200 mg/dl |
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What is the "good" kind of cholesterol?
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HDL
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Site of protein synthesis
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liver for everything excpet gamma, made in RE
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Define oncotic pressure
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a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system.
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Migration order for 5 proteins
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Albumin
alpha 1 alpha 2 beta gamma |
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Define pI (isoelectric point)
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The pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge.
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Albumin dyes
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Bromcresol green
Bromcresol purple |
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Albumin normal range
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3.5-5 g/dl
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What are the 4 NPNs and their origins?
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Urea- Ornithine cycle
Creatinine Uric Acid Ammonia |
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What is measured for kidney function, which is sensitive and which is specific?
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urea- sensitive
creatinine- specific |
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What syndrome is due to a build up of ammonia in children?
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Reye's syndrome
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What is the Jaffe reaction and what does it measure?
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Picric acid + NaOH
Creatinine |
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How is the specificity of creatinine tests increased?
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Measure the change in absorbance
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What is the enzyme used to measure uric acid and what is the reaction?
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uricase
uric acid+O2+H2O= Allantoin+CO2+H2O2 |
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How is specificity of the uricase method increased?
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by using sodium carbonate
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How is creatinine clearance calculated?
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V=daily volume/1440
Pc=plasma creatinine level Uc=urine creatinine level A= will be given C=(Uc/Pc)*V*(1.73/A) |
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What is the normal level for creatinine clearance?
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100-130 ml/min
1 g/day |
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What does a clearance test measure?
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glomerular filtration
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What is the pathway of of hemoglobin to urobilin?
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heme
bilirubin unconjugated bilirubin conjugated bilirubin- occurs in liver thanks to an enzyme known as UDP gluconyl transferase urobilinogen- occurs in intestine urobilin |
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How is conjugated bilirubin different from unconjugated bilirubin?
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conjugated bilirubin is water soluble
unconjugated bilirubin is not water soluble (therefore can't enter urine) |
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Aspects of the Jendrassik - Grof method of measuring bilirubin
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– Sulfanilic acid + NaNO2 -> conj. only
– Caffeine benzoate + more diazo -> total – Ascorbic acid -> stop diazo – Alkaine tartrate -> specrtral shift |
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What is the specimen consideration for bilirubin?
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light
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Pre-hepatic jaundice features
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Conj. bilirubin-normal
Unconj. bilirubin- increased Urine UBG- increased |
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Post-hepatic jaundice features
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Conj. bilirubin- very increased
Unconj. bilirubin- increased Urine UBG- decreased |
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What are the major cations and their normal levels?
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sodium- 135-145 meq/L <200 meq/day
potassium- 3.5-5 meq/L <150 meq/day |
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What are the major anions and their normal levels?
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chloride- 98-106 meq/L <100 meq/day
phosphate- |
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Which electrolytes are intracellular and what are they responsible for?
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potassium- heart muscle contraction
phosphate-CHO metabolism, ATP |
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Which electrolytes are extracellular and what are they responsible for?
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sodium- osmotic pressure
chloride- osmotic pressure |
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Anion gap calculation
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154 cations= 154 anions
142 (Na)+4(K)+"8"=103 (Cl)+27(HCO3)+"24" Na+K-(Cl+HCO3)=16 or Na-(Cl+HCO3)=12 |
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What can cause an increased anion gap?
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diabetes (ketones)
hypoparathyroidism (decrease in calcium) |
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What can cause an decreased anion gap?
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lab error is most common
hyperparathyroidism (increase in calcium) |
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What are the factors that effect osmotic pressure?
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Osmotic pressure is counteractive and increases with solutes
Causes water to move from low->high solutes area When osmotic pressure increases the solutes increase which leads to dehydration When osmotic pressure decreases the solutes decreases and leads to edema |
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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controls absorption of sodium
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What is the function of ADH?
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controls absorption of water
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In what ways are electrolytes associated with cystic fibrosis?
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2/3 of cystic fibrosis patients exhibit increased levels of sweat Cl. There is altered Cl transport in mucous producing glands
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What is iontophoresis?
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sweat chloride analysis, current flow through skin
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If there is a change in osmolo gap vs. measured gap does that mean there was an exogenous cause or an endogenous cause?
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exogenous cause
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If there is no change in osmolo gap vs. measured gap does that mean there was an exogenous cause or an endogenous cause?
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endogenous cause
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What specimen is used for measuring electrolyte levels?
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only plasma
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What is the equation for the patial pressure of a gas?
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Barometric pressure-47*%gas (as listed on container)=p Gas
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What is the equation for solubility coefficient?
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S* pCO2 = HCO3
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What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?
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pH= 6.1 + [HCO3]/[H2CO3]
[H2CO3]=pCO2*0.03 ratio of [HCO3] to [H2CO3] is 20:1 therefore pH=6.1 + log 20 and normal pH=7.4 |
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Is HCO3 a metabolic or respiratory parameter?
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metabolic parameter
controlled by kidney absorption and reabsorption and the effects takes hours to days |
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Is H2CO3 a metabolic or respiratory parameter?
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respiratory parameter
controlled by hpyer and hypoventilation (via the lungs) and takes minutes |
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What are the 5 buffer systems?
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1. bicarbonate/carbonic acid (plasma/cells)
2. protein (plasma) 3. hemoglobin (RBC) 4. phosphate (plasma/urine/cells) 5. ammonia (urine) |
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What accompanies an acid overload?
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hyperventilation
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What accompanies an alkali overload?
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hypoventilation
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Is the phosphate ratio higher in urine or plasma?
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HPO4:H2PO4
urine 1:99 plasma 4:1 |
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What does a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve do to the relationship between oxygen and RBCs?
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oxygen is bound more tightly to the RBC
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What does a right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve do to the relationship between oxygen and RBCs?
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oxygen is bound less tightly to the RBC
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What specimen precautions should be taken for acid-base measurements?
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stat, ice, anaerobic
old: pO2 decreased, pCO2 increased or normal, pH decreased air: pO2 increased, pCO2 decreased or normal, pH increased |
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What are the normal ranges for:
pH pCO2 HCO3 base xs pO2 O2 saturation P50 |
pH 7.35-7.45
pCO2 35-45 mmHg HCO3 22-26 meq/L base xs 0+/- 2 pO2 80-90 mmHg O2 saturation 96-97% P50 25-30 mmHg |
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What are the electrode principals for pO2?
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electrode is known as the Clark electrode.
has a platinum cathode and silver anode oxygen enters electrolyte solution and gets an electron from the Ag anode and an H from the solution and the OH- anions are measured by the platinum cathode |
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What are the electrode principals for pCO2?
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electrode is know as the Severing-Haus electrode
CO2 enters the system and binds with water to make H2CO3, which dissociates into H+ cations and HCO3- anions. The H+ cations are measured by the pH glass electrode. (there's also a reference electrode, but i can't tell from the diagram what it does) |
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What are the 4 categories of acid-base disorders and what is an example of each?
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Respiratory acidosis: emphysema
Respiratory alkalosis: hysteria, aspirin (breathing into a bag helps you breathe in more CO2) Metabolic acidosis: diabetes, diarrhea Matabolic alkalosis: vomiting |
