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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal range for Total cholesterol
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optimal <200 mg/dl
borderline 200-239 mg/dl high risk >240 mg/dl |
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Normal range for triglycerides
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optimal <150 mg/dl
borderline 150-199 mg/dl high risk 200-499 mg/dl very high 500 mg/dl and above |
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Normal range for HDL cholesterol
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Optimal > 40 mg/dl
High risk <40 mg/dl |
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Normal range for LDL/HDL ratio
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average risk 3.5
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Normal range for Total/HDL ratio
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average risk 5.0
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Normal range for L/S ratio in amniotic fluid of mature fetus
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Mature >2.0 with PG+
Borderline 1.6 - 2.0 with PG+ Immature <1.6 with PG+ |
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Proper specimen collection protocol
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-patient has normal diet for 2 weeks
- patient fasts for 12 hours - need either unhemolyzed SERUM or Na2EDTA plasma for lipoprotein electrophoresis - Heparinized plasma for triglyceride assays |
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Risk factors associated with atherosclerosis
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-Age
-Being Male - genetic predisposition- MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTOR - diabetes mellitus |
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Apoprotein class A
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HDL, chilomicrons
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During which phase of the Febrile Episode would a patient experience vasodilation?
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Fever break
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apoproteins class C
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Chylomicrons
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Apoprotiens Class E
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Probable receptor on HDL and LDL
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Rationale for assaying apoprotein A and B
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The more apoprotein A the less risk of atherosclerosis
- the more apoprotein B you, the higher the risk of atherosclerosis - increased synthesis of ApoLp(a) increases the risk of atherosclerosis |
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Explain 2 ways HDL reduces atherosclerosis risks
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- HDL removes cholesterol from cells and transports to liver to be converted to bile acids which are excreted from the body as bile
- HDL binds to the LDL receptor sites on cells and blocks the binding of LDL particles so LDL cannot be taken into the cell |
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Lipid findings with heart attack
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- all lipids decrease as liver suffers hypoxia
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Lipid findings with heparin therapy
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- Falsely decreased TG
- Falsely increased FFA due to VLDL being broken down into glycerol |
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Lipid findings with alcohol ingestion
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- increase in FFA, VLDL, HDL
- slowed clearance of CM |
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Lipid findings with oral contraceptives or pregnancy
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decreased LDL and FFA
- increased VLDL |
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Lipid findings with steroid, beta-blockers
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increase in VLDL
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Svedburg Lipoprotein class and predominant lipid
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HDL- phospolipids
LDL- Cholesterol VLDL- Triglycerides IDL- Equal portions or cholesterol and triglycerides |
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Fredrickson Lipoprotein classifications
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Albumin- FFA
Alpha-1= alpha, phospholipids (HDL) Alpha-2= pre-beta, triglycerides (VLDL) Alpha-2/Beta brigde (IDL)- floating beta, cholesterol and triglycerides Beta= cholesterol (LDL) Gamma= chylomicrons |
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Characteristics of Type I HLP
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-CM cannot be cleared from blood
- CHOL and TG are elevated - Serum is clear with a creamy layer of CM at the top - Electrophoresis will show CM at the point of applicaiton |
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Characteristics of Type II-A HLP
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-increase in LDL
- CHOL is elevated - serum is clear and unremarkable - electrophoresis will show an elevation in Beta LP |
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Characteristics of Type II-B HLP
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-caused by increase in LDL and VLDL
- Both CHOL and TG elevated - serum is faintly turbid due to TG - electrophoresis shows elevation in Beta LP and pre-Beta LP |
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Characteristics of Type III HLP
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-CHOL and TG are elevated
- Serum is slightly turbid - Electrophoresis shows floating Beta band due to production of abnormal LP (IDL) |
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Characteristics of Type IV HLP
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-TG is increased and CHOL may be
- Serum will be turbid - Electrophoresis shows significant increase in Pre-Beta with a slight increase in Beta LP |
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Characteristics of Type V HLP
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- combo of type I and IV
- persistence of CM and increased production of VLDL - TG and CHOL are elevated (5:1 TG:CHOL) - Serum is turbid with a creamy layer of CM at top -Electrophoresis will show heavy band of CM at POA and increase in Pre-Beta LP - Pattern looks like that of a non-fasting patient |
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most abundant Lipoprotein class is...
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Beta lipoproteins
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What is the clinical significance of Lipoprotein-X
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Migrage between the beta and chylomicrons
- present in CHOLEOSTASIS |
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Friedewald calculation for VLDL-cholesterol level
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VLDL-CHOL= TG/5
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LDL calculation
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LDL= total - (VLDL + HDL)
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