Clinical Biomechanics Exam 2 Parker College Of Chiropratic

Front 1

T or F the width of the TVP and vertebral bodies increases from cephalic to caudal.

Back 1

True

Front 2

between what vertebrae does the horizontal line across the highest point on the iliac crest run?

Back 2

between L4-L5

Front 3

in the lateral view, what is the angle of the sacrum?

Back 3

about 30 degrees

Front 4

in the lateral view, what is the angle of the lumbosacral angle?

Back 4

about 140 degrees

Front 5

in the lateral view what is the angle of pelvic tilt?

Back 5

about 60 degrees

Front 6

where is the maximum lordotic curve in the lumbar vertebral column?

Back 6

max lordosis at L3

Front 7

what is the shape of the lumbar vertebral body?

Back 7

kidney-shaped

Front 8

T or F the lumbar vertebra is broader than it is high

Back 8

True

Front 9

the kidney shape in the lumbar has a?
a. slight convex anterior and lateral surface
b. slight concave anterior and lateral surface
c. slight convex posterior and lateral surface
d. slight concave posterior and lateral surface

Back 9

b. slight concave anterior and lateral surface

Front 10

what attaches to the superior-lateral and posterior vertebral body?

Back 10

pedicles

Front 11

what joins the vertebral body to the vertebral arch of the lumbar vertebral column?

Back 11

pedicles

Front 12

T or F the pedicles forms the superior and inferior aspect of the IVF in the lumbar vertebral column

Back 12

True

Front 13

what is attached to the articular processes of the lumbar posteriorly?

Back 13

pedicles

Front 14

what projects posteriorly form each pedicle of the lumbar vertebral column towards the midline?

Back 14

Lamina

Front 15

what fuses in the midline to form the "roof" of the neural arch of the lumbar vertebral column?

Back 15

Lamina

Front 16

the Lamina fuse in the midline to form what of the neural arch of the lumbar vertebral column?

Back 16

"Roof"

Front 17

what provides a bony locking mechanism that resists anterior shear and rotation in the lumbar vertebral column?

Back 17

the superior articular processes
the inferior articular processes

Front 18

T or F the superior processes of the Lumbar spine, projects downward from the junction of the lamina and spinous process

Back 18

False
the superior processes of the Lumbar spine, projects upward from the junction of the pedicle and lamina

Front 19

in the lumbar spine, what has a posterior medial surface which is covered in articular cartilage and forms the articular facet?

Back 19

Superior Articular processes

Front 20

in the lumbar spine, what has a lateral anterior surface which is covered in articular cartilage and forms the articular facet?

Back 20

Inferior Articular processes

Front 21

T or F the inferior articular processes of the lumbar spine project downward from the junction of the lamina and spinous process?

Back 21

True

Front 22

what in the lumbar spine, projects posterior from the junction of the two lamina?

Back 22

Spinous process

Front 23

in the lumbar spine, what extends laterally from the junction of the pedicle and the lamina?

Back 23

TVP

Front 24

in the lumbar spine, what is located on the posterior aspect of the TVP near ist attachment to the pedicle?

Back 24

accessory process

Front 25

in the lumbar spine, what notch has the medial branch of the dorsal rami?

Back 25

Mamilo-accessory notch

Front 26

what notch is formed by both the lamina and the accessory process?

Back 26

mamilo-accessory notch

Front 27

where on the lumbar vertebra are the mamillary processes located?

Back 27

above and medial to the accessory process

Front 28

in the lumbar spine, the mamillary processes project how?

Back 28

they project posteriorly from the posterior aspect of the superior articular process

Front 29

what ligament attaches to the anterior aspect of the margins of the vertebral bodies?

Back 29

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Front 30

what fibers does the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament consist of?

Back 30

Short fibers- that span each inter-body joint
medium fibers- that span multiple inter-body joints
long fibers- that span the entire distance

Front 31

what resists vertical separation of the vertebral bodies during extension and bowing of the lumbar spine?

Back 31

Anterior longitudinal ligament

has Short, medium and long fibers

Front 32

what ligament in the lumbar spine forms a narrow band over the posterior vertebral bodies?

Back 32

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 33

T or F the posterior ligament consist of short, medium, and long fibers

Back 33

False
the anterior ligament consist of Short, Medium, and Long fibers

the posterior ligament consist of Short and Medium fibers

Front 34

in the lumbar spine what ligament has short and medium fibers which expand laterally over the posterior aspect of the vertebral discs?

Back 34

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 35

what is arranged in concentric lamellae attaches into the fibrocartiageous vertebral endplates of each inter-body joint?

Back 35

Anuli fibrosi

Front 36

what is the inner layer which constitutes a capsule containing the nucleus pulposus?

Back 36

anuli fibrosi

Front 37

what layer of the anuli fibrosi attaches to the ring apophysis forming the "true" ligament?

Back 37

outer layer

Front 38

the anuli fibrosi functions as a ligament to resist what movements of the intervertebral joint?

Back 38

distraction
bending
sliding
twisting

Front 39

in the lumbar spine, what is the short thick ligament that joins the lamina and pedicles of consecutive vertebrae?

Back 39

Ligamentum flavum

Front 40

what are the percentages of elastin and collagen found in the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spine?

Back 40

elastin= 80%
collagen= 20%

Front 41

T or F the nature of the ligamentum flavum is to resists extension while protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots against compression during flexion in the lumbar spine.

Back 41

False
the nature of the ligamentum flavum is to resists FLEXION while protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots against compression during EXTENSION in the lumbar spine.
NOTE: collagenous ligaments would buckle

Front 42

during extension what does the ligamentum flavum do to the anterior joint capsule?

Back 42

retract it

Front 43

in the lumbar spine, what midline ligament attaches to adjacent spinous process?

Back 43

interspinous ligament

Front 44

in the lumbar spine what are the three parts in which the interspinous ligaments consist of?

Back 44

Anterior
middle
posterior

Front 45

what ligament found in the lumbar spine is was thought to limit flexion but instead is believed to be more proprioceptive in nature

Back 45

interspinous ligament

Front 46

in the lumbar spine, what midline ligament attaches to the posterior aspect of the spinous process?

Back 46

supraspinous ligament

Front 47

in the lumbar spine which ligament is known to be more developed in the upper than the lower lumbar?

Back 47

supraspinous ligament

Front 48

in the lumbar spine, what three layers does the supraspinous ligament consist of'?

Back 48

superficial- span multiple segments
middle- intertwines with the thoracolumbar fascia
deep- derived from the aponeurosis of the longissimus thoracis and reinforced by the tendons of the multifidus (not truly a ligament)

Front 49

in the lumbar spine, what ligaments were recently suggested that these ligaments are false ligaments and are actually sheets of connective tissue that separates muscular boundaries?

Back 49

Inter-transverse ligament

Front 50

T or F inter-transverse ligaments are false ligaments made of sheets of connective tissue which separate muscular boundaries

Back 50

True

Front 51

in the lumbar, what type of movement is a result of weight-bearing in the upright posture or contraction of longitudinal back muscles?

Back 51

Axial compression

Front 52

during axial compression of the lumbar spine what degree of stress is put on to the inner posterior anulus?

Back 52

the greatest degree of stress

the older the disk the greater the stress

Front 53

in the lumbar spine, what happens to the end-plates during axial rotation?

Back 53

they bow centrally (weakest part of the disk)

Front 54

in the lumbar spine, excessive loading in a healthy discs causes?

Back 54

end-plate fractures
also known as: Schomorl's nodes radiograpically

Front 55

in the lumbar spine during axial compression the disc undergoes initial period of rapid creep which last how long and how many milimeters?

Back 55

1.5mm in the first 10mins

Front 56

in the lumbar spine during axial compression the disc undergoes subsequent creep which continues at what distance per hour?

Back 56

1mm/hour and plateaus at 90mins

Front 57

in the lumbar spine, how must you restore disc height from axial compression?

Back 57

disc height is restored during recline rest (disc rehydrated by osmotic force of proteoglycans)

supine with hips and knees flexed brings more rapid imbibition (Absorption of fluid by a solid or colloid that results in swelling) than does having legs extended

Front 58

in the lumbar spine, the zygopophyseal joints bear what % of the vertical load depending on the interbody position and health of the disc

Back 58

0-70%

Front 59

T or F in the lumbar spine, the ALL share load-bearing in a lordotic lumbar spine.

Back 59

True

Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

Front 60

what is fatigue failure?

Back 60

repetitive strain on a joint causing it to fail much quicker than a normal joint.

Front 61

in the lumbar spine, repetitive compression of inter-body joint results in fractures of what?

Back 61

the subchondral trabeculae and end-plates

damage occurs at loads well within the range of forces and repetitions in activities of daily living (ADL's)

Front 62

in the lumbar spine, the __________ is a function of the load applied and the number of repetitions.

Back 62

probability of failure

loads<30% unlikely to result in failure
loads>30% the probability of failure with fewer repetitions increase

Front 63

in the lumbar spine, what causes nuclear degeneration and loss of disc height and greater stress to the posterior anulus increasing the likelihood of annular tears and rupture?

Back 63

end-plate fractures

Front 64

in the lumbar spine, end-plate fractures causes what problems?

Back 64

nuclear degeneration
loss of disc height
greater stress to the posterior anulus increasing the likelihood of annular tears and rupture

Front 65

what movement in the lumbar spine applies more strain in the outer anulus lamellae than internal due to more linear orientation of collagen fibers?

Back 65

Axial Distraction

joint capsule are remarkably strong

Front 66

in the lumbar spine, joint capsules are remarkably strong, how much body weight can the can they resist before failure?

Back 66

twice the body weight before failure

Front 67

in the lumbar spine, ____% of lengthening in spine comes from flattening of lordosis the remaining ____% is from separation of the inter-body joints(discs)

Back 67

in the lumbar spine, 40% of lengthening in spine comes from flattening of lordosis the remaining 60% is from separation of the inter-body joints(discs)

Front 68

T or F degenerated discs undergo greater distraction that healthy disc.

Back 68

False
healthy disc undergo greater distraction than degenerated disc (12mm:5mm throughout the lumbar spine)

Front 69

in the lumbar spine, with only 1mm separation per disc it suggests that the benefits of flexion/distraction therapy lie not in "sucking back" the disc but instead due to the ______effects of therapy

Back 69

phasic

Front 70

what is the degree of flexion in the lumbar spine?

Back 70

~40 degrees

achieved primarily from the flattening of the lumbar lordosis

Front 71

how is the ~40 degrees flexion in the lumbar spine primarily achieved?

Back 71

from the flattening of the lumbar lordosis

Front 72

in the lumbar spine what motion is due to anterior sagittal rotation and forward translation?

Back 72

flexion of the lumbar spine

(+0X/+Z)

Front 73

T or F in the lumbar spine it segmentally decreases inferiorly

Back 73

false
it segmentally increase inferiorly

Front 74

what joint plays a significant role in stabilizing the lumbar spine in flexion?

Back 74

Zygapophyseal joints

anterior translation is resisted by bony impaction

Front 75

in the lumbar spine, flexion is resisted by the tension of the joint capsules __(1)__% and posterior ligaments of the vertebrae ___(2)___% ligamentum flavum ___(3)___%, inter and supraspinous ___(4)___%

Back 75

1. 39%
2. 29%
3. 13%
4. 19%

Front 76

in the lumbar spine, what is the role of the posterior ligaments?

Back 76

to protect the disc

Front 77

T or F in the lumbar spine, the ligaments alone are not strong enough to support the lumbar spine under load in flexion

Back 77

True

concerted action involving the back muscles

Front 78

flexion failure of the lumbar spine how does the disc fail?

Back 78

by horizontal tears across the posterior anulus or by avulsion of the anulus from the ring apophysis

Front 79

T or F flexion failure of the lumbar spine, seed of movement and sustained postures affect posterior ligaments of the spine to flex

Back 79

True

reducing the duration of movement from 10s to 1s increases resistance by 12%

Front 80

during flexion of the lumbar spine, by reducing the duration of movement from what to what can increase your resistance by 12%

Back 80

from 10s to 1s

reducing the duration of movement from 10s to 1s increases resistance by 12%

Front 81

holding a flexed posture for 5mins reduces resistance by 42% while holding for an hour reduces resistance by 67%. what is the basis for this change in resistance?

Back 81

Creep

Front 82

flexion failure of the lumbar spine, repetitive loading in flexion can cause what problems?

Back 82

end-plate fracture (schmorl's nodes)
radial tears of the internal anulus fibrosis
degeneration of the Z-joints
par fracture (stress fracture)
anterior compression fracture of the vertebrae

Front 83

loading in flexion of the lumbar spine can causes end-plate fractures which could result in what?

Back 83

schmorl's nodes

Front 84

in the lumbar spine about what degree of extension can be accomplished?

Back 84

~30 degrees

movement involves posterior sagittal rotation and translation (-0X/-Z)

Front 85

in the lumbar spine what movement involves posterior sagittal rotation and translation?

Back 85

extension (-0X/-Z)

Front 86

extension of the lumbar spine is limited by what?

Back 86

bony impaction of the spinous processes and inferior articular processes
resistant of the anterior anulus anterior longitudinal ligament and anterior joint capsule

Front 87

axial rotation of the lumbar spine is about what degrees?

Back 87

~10-15 degrees (1-2degrees per segment)

Front 88

axial rotation of the lumbar spine is resisted by what?

Back 88

all of the fibers of the anulus that are non inclined toward the direction of rotation
the ipsilateral posterior ligaments
bony impaction of the contralateral Z-joint (new IAR)

Front 89

in the lumbar spine what is the maximal rotation per segment without anular injury?

Back 89

~3 degrees

Front 90

in the lumbar spine, the onset of torsional injury to a segment of the disc occurs at ~4* and macro-failure occurs at ~___ degrees of rotation?

Back 90

~12degrees

Front 91

in the lumbar spine, as the vertebrae rotate what happens to the contralateral Z-joint?

Back 91

the contralateral Z-joint impacts and compresses

Front 92

during axial rotation of the lumbar spine the axis of rotation shifts from the middle of the disc to the what?

Back 92

the impacting Z-joint

Front 93

during axial rotation of the lumbar spine, axial rotational forces are converted to what type of forces on the disc after the axis has shifted to the Z-joint?

Back 93

shear forces on the disc

Front 94

during axial rotation of the lumbar spine, increased tensional forces of the _____-lateral joint capsule
a. ipsilateral
b. contralateral

Back 94

a. ipsilateral

Front 95

MACA: axial rotation failure of the lumbar spine, the impacted joint undergoes _____ strain
a. compression
b. torsion
c. shear
d. tension

Back 95

a. compression strain

Front 96

MACA: axial rotation failure of the lumbar spine, the disc undergoes _____ Strain
a. compression
b. torsion
c. shear
d. tension

Back 96

b. torsion
c. shear

Front 97

MACA: axial rotation failure of the lumbar spine, the ipsilateral joint capsule undergoes _______ strain.
a. compression
b. torsion
c. shear
d. tension

Back 97

d. tension

Front 98

axial rotation of the lumbar spine, how many repetitions can a segment sustain without damage if kept below 1.5degrees?

Back 98

10,000

50-3000 if greater than 1.5*

Front 99

T or F you can rotate the lumbar spine almost 10k repetitions before it fails if you rotate less than 1.5 degrees.

Back 99

True
more than 1.5degrees is only 50-3,000 repetitions

Front 100

what type of injuries can occur with axial rotation of the lumbar spine?

Back 100

fractures of facets, lamina, and vertebrae
tears of the anulus and joint capsules

Front 101

what movement of the lumbar spine do the spinous processes deviate to the side of concavity?

Back 101

lateral bending (+/-0Y and +/-0Z)

Front 102

what movement of the lumbar spine: lateral flexion is coupled with contralateral body rotation

Back 102

lateral bending(+/-0Y and +/-0Z)

Front 103

what degrees of lateral bending do each segment in the lumbar spine do?

Back 103

~6degrees/segment

Front 104

T or F lumbosacral lateral bending is 50% less than other segments in the lumbar spine.

Back 104

True

Front 105

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine is considered normal body mechanics
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4
e. type 5

Back 105

a. type 1

there is only Type 1-4

Front 106

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine is coupled with contralateral body rotation
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4
e. type 5

Back 106

a. type 1

there is only type 1-4

Front 107

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine is coupled with ipsilateral body rotation
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4
e. type 5

Back 107

b. type 2

there is only type 1-4

Front 108

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine indicates muscular imbalance of the sacrospinalis (longisimus and erector spinalis)
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4

Back 108

b. type 2

Lat. bending is coupled with ipsilateral body rotation

Front 109

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine is aberrant segmental lateral flexion where no segmental lateral bending occurs during gross motion but normal rotation (contralateral) occurs
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4

Back 109

c. type 3

Front 110

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine is believed to be due to faulty disc mechanics and/or over dominance of quadratus lumborum or transversriis?
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4

Back 110

c. type 3

Front 111

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine indicates aberrant segmental lateral bending and rotation
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4

Back 111

d. type 4

Front 112

what type of lateral bending of the lumbar spine is believed due to faulty disc mechanics or imbalance of psoas or multifidus muscles?
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. type 3
d. type 4

Back 112

d. type 4

Front 113

how is lateral bending types of the lumbar spine determined?

Back 113

by lateral bending functional radiographs

Front 114

what is an important tool in the evaluation of joint dysfunction, its limitation should be realized as they do not correlate well with back pain and other clinical finding?

Back 114

lateral bending functional radiographs

Front 115

spondylolytheisis of the lumbosacral joint causes majority of stress onto the _______ of L5

Back 115

Pars inter-articularis

Front 116

spondylolytheisis of the lumbosacral joint which causes a fracture in the pars inter-articularis can will mainly stress what 3 parts of the lumbar?

Back 116

lumbosacral disc
iliolumbar ligaments
lumbosacral paraspinal muscles

Front 117

what 5 parts does the iliolumbar ligaments consist of?

Back 117

anterior
superior
posterior
inferior
vertical

Front 118

the lumbar muscles and their fascia functionally are divided into 3 groups what would you find in the Anterior group?

Back 118

Psoas major
transverse abdominus
internal and external obliques

Front 119

the lumbar muscles and their fascia functionally are divided into 3 groups what would you find in the intermediate group?

Back 119

intertransversarii lateralalis
quadratus lumborum

Front 120

the lumbar muscles and their fascia functionally are divided into 3 groups what would you find in the posterior group?

Back 120

lumbar back muscles
-interspinalis
-intertransversarii medialis
-multifidus
-lumbar erector spinae

Front 121

what muscle arises from the medial and anterior TVP, intervertebral disc and margins of the vertebral body adjacent to the disc from T12 to L5

Back 121

Psoas major muscle

Front 122

what muscle is designed exclusively to act on the hip (flexion adduction and interal rotation)

Back 122

psoas major muscle

Front 123

which muscle biochemically has poor action on the lumbar spine due to its attachment relative to the axis of rotation of the lumbar spine?

Back 123

psoas major muscle

uses spine as base to act on for hip flexion

Front 124

which muscle's contraction causes tremendous compressive forces on the lumbar disc

Back 124

psoas major muscle

due to its lines of action relative to the axis or rotation

Front 125

what muscle of the lumbar are you testing when you do Milgram's test?

Back 125

Psoas major muscle

Front 126

which muscle of the lumbar spine consist of the ventralis and dorsalis?

Back 126

intertransversarii lateralis

Front 127

which muscle of the lumbar spine homologues to intercostal and levator costae muscles?

Back 127

intertransversarii lateralis

Front 128

T or F the intertransversarii lateralis is believed to be more proprioceptive in nature due to its bulk

Back 128

True

although high populations of muscles spindles have been found

Front 129

which muscle of the lumbar in considered to be complex variations of oblique and longitudinal fibers connecting the lumbar TVP's to the ilium and the 12th rib?

Back 129

quadratus lumborum

Front 130

which muscle of the lumbar function as: accessory muscle of respiration, lateral flexion of the lumbar spine, lateral stabilizer of the pelvis and torso during gait?

Back 130

quadratus lumborum

False Valsalva's test (accessory of respiration)

Front 131

for what muscle would you preform False Valsalva's Test?

Back 131

quadratus lumborum

Front 132

in the lumbar back muscles which are considered short intersegmental muscles?

Back 132

interspinalis and intertransversarii medialis

Front 133

in the lumbar back muscles which are considered polysegmental muscles?

Back 133

mutifidus and lumbar components of the longissimus and iliocostalis

Front 134

in the lumbar back muscles which are considered long polysegmental muscles?

Back 134

thoracic components of longissimus and iliocostalis

Front 135

which lumbar back muscle is considered short paired muscles that lie on each side of the interspinous ligament and connect adjacent lumbar spinous processes?

Back 135

interspinales

lack of bulk suggest that they serve more a proprioceptive function that posterior sagittal rotator of the lumbar spine

Front 136

which lumbar back muscle arises from the accessory process, the mamillary process and the mamillo-accessory ligament and attach to the superior aspect of the mamillary process of the inferior vertebrae?

Back 136

intertransversaraii medialis

their lack of bulk suggest they serve a proprioceptive role

Front 137

which muscle of the lumbar contains 2-6 times the density of muscles spindles relative to the adjacent polysegmental muscles of the lumbar spine?

Back 137

intertransversaraii medialis

Front 138

which muscle of the lumbar is considered the largest muscle of the lumbar back muscles?

Back 138

multifidus muscle

Front 139

which muscle has short fibers attach from the lamina and spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae to the mamillary process and joint capsule two levels caudad or the dorsal foramen of the sacrum?

Back 139

multifidus muscle

Front 140

which muscle of the lumbar spine retracts capsule from impingment during activation?

Back 140

multifidus muscle

Front 141

which muscle of the lumbar spine has long fibers attach from the lumbar spinous process arranged in five overlapping fascicles from a common tendon to the mamillary processes, the iliac crest and the sacrum 3-5 segments below?

Back 141

multifidus muscle

Front 142

which muscle of the lumbar back muscles biomechanically have an oblique, caudo-lateral orientation?

Back 142

multifidus muscle

Front 143

which muscle of the lumbar spine principle action is posterior sagittal rotation?

Back 143

multifidus muscle

eccentrically opposes anterior sagittal rotation

Front 144

which muscle of the lumbar spine has a line of action which forms a large vertical and a short horizontal vector?

Back 144

multifidus

Front 145

which muscle of the lumbar back muscles whose secondary action is to oppose flexion of the trunk by the oblique abdominal musculature during axial rotation (neutralizer)?

Back 145

multifidus

Front 146

which lumbar back muscle accentuates the lumbar lordosis, increasing compressive and tensile loads on the vertebrae and discs?

Back 146

multifidus

Front 147

what class of neuroreceptor is found in the outer layers of joint capsule?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 147

a. Type 1

Front 148

MACA: what class of neuroreceptors are stimulated by active or passive motion
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 148

a. Type 1
b. Type 2

Front 149

what class of neuroreceptor has a low-threshold, slow adapting afferents
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 149

a. Type 1

Front 150

what class of neuroreceptor:
-reflex modulation and perception of posture and movement
monitor capsule tension
-inhibition of centripedal flow of nociception (enkephalin)
-tonic effects on lower motor neuron pools involved with neck, limbs, jaw and eye muscles
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 150

a. Type 1

Front 151

what class of neuroreceptor:
- movement monitoring for reflex actions and perceptual sensations
-inhibition of centripedal flow of nociception (enkephalin)
-phasic effects on lower motor neuron pools involved with neck, limbs, jaw, and eye muscles
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 151

b. Type 2

Front 152

what class of neuroreceptor: is found in inner layers of joint capsule?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 152

b. Type 2

Front 153

what class of neuroreceptor: low threshold, rapid adapting afferents?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 153

b. Type 2

Front 154

what class of neuroreceptor: absent from all synovial joints (some in IVD of cervical spine)
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 154

c. Type 3

Front 155

what class of neuroreceptor: found in intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of peripheral joints?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 155

c. Type 3

Front 156

what class of neuroreceptor: slow adapting, high threshold afferents?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 156

c. Type 3

Front 157

what class of neuroreceptor: have an inhibitory effect on motor neurons?
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 157

c. Type 3

-ligament version of golgi-tendon organ
-monitor direction of movement
-create reflex effect on segmental muscle tone
-provides "braking mechanism" against over-displacement of joint
-guards against potentially harmful movements

Front 158

what class of neuroreceptor:-ligament version of golgi-tendon organ
-monitor direction of movement
-create reflex effect on segmental muscle tone
-provides "braking mechanism" against over-displacement of joint
-guards against potentially harmful movements
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 158

c. Type 3

inhibitory effect on motor neurons

Front 159

what class of neuroreceptor: network of free nerve endings and unmyelinated fibers
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 159

d. Type 4

Front 160

what class of neuroreceptor: associated with pain perception
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 160

d. Type 4

Front 161

what class of neuroreceptor: present throughout the fibrous portion of the joint capsule and ligaments and outer 1/3 of anulus of disc
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 161

d. Type 4

Front 162

what class of neuroreceptor: absent from articular cartilage, synovial linings but found in synovial folds
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 162

d. Type 4

Front 163

what class of neuroreceptor: has a very high threshold, slow adapting afferents stimulated by mechanical and chemical means
a. Type 1
b. Type 2
c. Type 3
d. Type 4

Back 163

d. Type 4

-evoke pain
-tonic effects on neck, limbs, jaw, and eye muscles
- central reflex connections for pain inhibition(endorphin)
- central reflex connection for myraid of autonomic affects

Front 164

T or F when articular mechanoreceptors function properly they inhibit centripedal flow of nociception.

Back 164

true

Front 165

what happens when mechanoreceptors fail to function properly

Back 165

the threshold to excitation of nociception is decreased

-innocuous stimuli can potentially become painful

Front 166

what is the basis of interspinous tenderness on palpation in the absence of injury in subluxation?

Back 166

mechanoreceptor failure

Front 167

what is essential for normal function of the joints?

Back 167

integrative proprioception
kinesthetic perception
reflex regulation

Front 168

muscles and tendons can be stretched or shortened at high speeds without injury to tissue. their ability to perform these functions are based on what?

Back 168

irritability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

Front 169

what three main functions do muscles and tendons do?

Back 169

produce movements- generate tensions that are applied to opposing bones across a joint
maintain postures and positions- small adjustments to keep the head maintained in position and the head balanced over the feet
stabilize joints- are significant if not primary stabilizers of joints

Front 170

what is a muscle's ability to respond to stimulation
a. irritability
b. contractility
c. extensibility
d. elasticity

Back 170

a. irritability

only nerve tissue is more sensitive to stimuli than muscle and tendons
can be recruited quickly and specifically

Front 171

what is the ability of a muscle to shorten when it receives stimuli?
a. irritability
b. contractility
c. extensibility
d. elasticity

Back 171

b. contractility

-the average percentage or shortening is 57% upon contraction
- often confined to the physical confinement of the body

Front 172

what is a muscle's ability to lengthen or stretch beyond its resting length?
a. irritability
b. contractility
c. extensibility
d. elasticity

Back 172

c. extensibility

-this is produced by the action of another muscle or an external force
- amount is dependant upon extensibility of connective tissue surrounding and within muscle

Front 173

what is the ability of a muscle fiber to return to its resting length once the stretch is removed?
a. irritability
b. contractility
c. extensibility
d. elasticity

Back 173

d. elasticity

-determined by the connective tissue in the muscle rather than the fibrils themselves
- critical component in facilitating output in a shortening muscle action that is preceded by stretch

Front 174

what is the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle and separates it from other muscle groups?
a. endomysium
b. perimysium
c. epimysium

Back 174

c. epimysium

Front 175

what is the connective tissue that separates the muscle cells into various bundles within the muscle?
a. endomysium
b. perimysium
c. epimysium

Back 175

b. perimysium

Front 176

what is the connective tissue that surround each individual muscle fiber?
a. endomysium
b. perimysium
c. epimysium

Back 176

a. endomysium

Front 177

what divides muscles into functional groups?

Back 177

compartments

Front 178

groups of muscles are contained within compartments and defined by what?

Back 178

fascia

Front 179

T or F it is common for individual compartments to be innervated by the same nerve

Back 179

True

Front 180

which fiber organization is designed to rapidly contract by cannot generate a great deal of power?

Back 180

fusiform

Front 181

which fiber organization, fibers converge on a central tendon, generate large amounts of power but perform work more slowly

Back 181

pennate

Front 182

what type of pennate has one side that converges on a central tendon

Back 182

uni-pennate

Front 183

what type of pennate has both sides of which converge on a central tendons?

Back 183

bi-pennate

Front 184

which type of pennate attaches to central tendon from various angles?

Back 184

multi-pennate

Front 185

what fiber type:
tonic muscles, slow sustained low intensity contraction over longer periods, and contains more myoglobin and oxidative enzymes

Back 185

slow-twitch type 1 (red) fibers (endurance)

Front 186

what fiber type: phasic muscles, rapid, powerful and short burst of activity, and contains large amounts of glycolytic enzymes

Back 186

intermediate type 2 a and fast-twitch type 2 b fibers

Front 187

what is the differences between intermediate type 2 a and fast-twitch type 2 b fibers?

Back 187

type 2 a- has longer rapid, powerful and short burst of activity
type 2 b- has a greater degree of glycolytic enzymes

Front 188

what are the three ways in which a muscle can attach to a bone?

Back 188

directly to bone
via a tendon
via a aponeurosis

Front 189

T or F a tendon has inelastic bundle of collagen fibers which are arranged parallel to the direction of force of the muscle

Back 189

True

Front 190

what is found within tendons with high tensile force exhibits low hysteresis?

Back 190

viscoelastic quality

Front 191

what characteristic of a tendon: a point where an area of low hysteresis (tendon) meets an area of high hysteresis(muscle)?

Back 191

myotendinous junction

Front 192

mechanical interaction of myotendinous junction depends on what?

Back 192

amount of force applied or generated
the speed of the muscle action
the slack of the tendon

Front 193

if the muscle suddenly contracts as it is being lengthened or stretched is called what?

Back 193

eccentric contraction

myotendinous junction or muscle belly is susceptible to injury (strain)

Front 194

what is susceptible to injury if the tension in the tendon is generated at a slow rate?

Back 194

tendinoperiosteal junction

Front 195

tendons that travel over a bony protuberances reduce the tension of the tendon and the amount of force generated by the muscle what is this called?

Back 195

the pulley system

Front 196

muscles that produce similar joint movement?
a. agonist
b. antagonist
c. stabilizer
d. neutralizer

Back 196

a. agonist

Front 197

muscles that produce opposing joint movements
a. agonist
b. antagonist
c. stabilizer
d. neutralizer

Back 197

b. antagonist

Front 198

act on and produce a specific movement in a joint
a. agonist
b. antagonist
c. stabilizer
d. neutralizer

Back 198

c. stabilizer

Front 199

eliminate an undesired joint action by another muscle
a. agonist
b. antagonist
c. stabilizer
d. neutralizer

Back 199

d. neutralizer (synergist)

synergist- a body organ, medicine, etc., that cooperates with another or others to produce or enhance an effect.

Front 200

force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance and the agonist muscle shortens as it contracts
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 200

a. concentric contraction

Front 201

force generated is sufficient to equal resistance and the muscle remains the same length as it contracts
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 201

b. isometric contraction

Front 202

force generated is insufficient to over come resistance and the muscle lengthens as it contracts
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 202

c. eccentric contraction

occurs during the deceleration of a movement by the antagonist muscle called controlled elongation

Front 203

typically,action are used to stabilize joints
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 203

b. isometric contraction

Front 204

MACA: which actions are used to maximize energy storage and performance
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 204

a. concentric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Front 205

what is the sequence where eccentric action precedes a concentric action?

Back 205

stretch-shortening cycle

Front 206

which has the lowest energy consumption to highest force output?
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 206

c. eccentric contraction

Front 207

which has the highest energy consumption to lowest force output?
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 207

a. concentric contraction

Front 208

when one is considering exercise programs for unconditioned individuals or rehabilitation what order would the following proceed in?
a. concentric contraction
b. isometric contraction
c. eccentric contraction

Back 208

1st c. eccentric contraction
2nd b. isometric contraction
3rd a. concentric contraction

care must be taken though as more loads (strain) occur with eccentric loads

Front 209

T or F elastic stretch of elements provide stored energy and a recoiling effect when they return to their original length

Back 209

True

if stretch is held to long this energy is lost and negates effect

Front 210

which fiber type benefits more from a pre-stretch that is slower over a greater range of motion?

Back 210

slow-twitch type 1 fibers

Front 211

which fiber type benefits more from a very high velocity pre-stretch over a small range of motion?

Back 211

fast-twitch type 2 fibers (can store more elastic energy and cross-bridging is quick)

Front 212

the use of a quick pre-stretch as a part of conditioning for sport or physical activity is called?

Back 212

plyometrics

rapid stretch followed by an immediate concentric muscle action

Front 213

you are more likely to extend your hip rather than flex the knee this is because of what?

Back 213

because it has a greater moment arm at the hip

Front 214

how do 2 joint muscles save energy?

Back 214

by allowing concentric action at one joint and eccentric action at the adjacent joint (storing energy)

Front 215

if the moment arm is minimal it is good for what but bad for what?

Back 215

good for stabilizing but bad for strength

Front 216

a muscle is strongest at a position of ___ % to ____% of its resting length

Back 216

80-120%

Front 217

T or F muscles create a force to match the load in shortening and adjusts to the speed of movement

Back 217

True

low loads it adjust by increasing speed of movement
High loads it adjusts by decreasing speed of movement

Front 218

to train for power, coaches train high-velocity activities at ___% of maximum force at ____% of maximum speed

Back 218

30%
30%

Front 219

what training modality: muscle length remains constant under a constant resistance.
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 219

b. isometric

Front 220

what training modality: used in rehabilitation with unconditioned athletes or during the early repair phase of injury
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 220

b. isometric

Front 221

what training modality: only enhances strength in the muscles in the joint angle it is stressed (+/- 10-15*)
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 221

b. isometric

Front 222

what training modality: most common
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 222

a. isotonic

Front 223

what training modality: fixed resistance
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 223

a. isotonic

Front 224

what training modality: variable speed
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 224

a. isotonic

Front 225

what training modality: can be produced with either a concentric or eccentric muscle action
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 225

a. isotonic

Front 226

what training modality: rehabilitation effects are limited it does not adjust for varing muscle torque differences through its range of motion
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 226

a. isotonic

only as strong as the weakest link

Front 227

what training modality: fixed speed
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 227

c. isokinetic

Front 228

what training modality: variable resistance
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 228

d. variable resistance
c. isokinetic- uses variable resistance at a fixed speed

Front 229

what training modality: used for objectively quantifying peak torque outputs of muscle action throughout an arc of motion
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. variable resistance

Back 229

c. isokinetic

Front 230

what muscles are at the greatest risk of injury?

Back 230

two-joint muscles
muscles limiting range of motion
muscles fatigue

Front 231

where would you find the most common site of strain?

Back 231

at the muscle-tendon junction

Front 232

T or F conditioning of the connective tissue elements should precede strengthening of muscles by doing high load/low repetition exercise.

Back 232

False
conditioning of the connective tissue elements should precede strengthening of muscles by doing low load/high repetition exercise.

Front 233

T or F you should always warm up by stretching intensely prior to a game that requires you to be quick on your feet.

Back 233

False
you should warm up always but you should stretch very little for very short periods of time with very quick shortening of the muscles that were stretched this is also know as plyometrics

Front 234

what is considered the least mobile region of the spine?

Back 234

thoracic

Front 235

what region has a heart shaped vertebral body?

Back 235

thoracic

Front 236

what are some characteristics of the lamina of a thoracic vertebra?

Back 236

taller than wide
gives rise to the superior and inferior articular processes near pedicle
form vertebral arch

Front 237

what are some characteristics of the pedicle of a thoracic vertebra?

Back 237

anterolateral aspect has demi-facet for the costovertbral articulation
form IVF (fairly small)

Front 238

what are some characteristics of the articular processes of a thoracic vertebra?

Back 238

oriented 60* to the transverse and 20* to the coronal plane
superior facets face superior, lateral and posterior
inferior facets face inferior, medial,and anteriorly

Front 239

what are some characteristics of the TVP of a thoracic vertebra?

Back 239

project posterolaterally from pedical-lamina junction
thick, strong and relatively long anterolateral aspect contains costo-transverse facet

Front 240

what are some characteristics of the SP of a thoracic vertebra?

Back 240

long slender oriented obliquely downward and overlaping in mid-thoracic region
limit extension

Front 241

in the thoracic spine what is the disc to body height ratio

Back 241

1:5

causes decrease flexibility

Front 242

in the thoracic spine what is the disc to height ratio?

Back 242

greater than any other region
reduces stress on annulus
disc injuries uncommon in region

Front 243

which thoracic vertebra are atypical and why?

Back 243

T1- posses whole facet for 1st rib
T9- may have one or two demi-facets
T10- one full demi-facet
T11&T12- complete costal facet no costotransverse facet
T12- inferior articular process is lumbar like

Front 244

what is the approximate kyphotic curve in the thoracic spine?

Back 244

55 degrees average is 45*

Front 245

what is the accepted range of the kyphotic thoracic curve?

Back 245

20-50

greater than 55* can interfere with visceral functioning
Sheuermann's disease (juvenile kyphosis)

Front 246

what diseases is associated with a greater kyphotic curve in the thoracic than 55 degrees?

Back 246

sheuermann's disease AKA: juvenile kyphosis
osteoporosis
lumbar and cervical compensation

Front 247

what is the structural curve in the thoracic lumbar caused by?

Back 247

wedge-shaped vertebral bodies

Front 248

in the thoracic spine, what is the average flexion/extension per segment?

Back 248

6 degrees

thoracic
upper-4*
middle-6*
lower-12*

Front 249

what on the vertebra limits extension of the thoracic region?

Back 249

articular and spinous processes

Front 250

flexion and extension of the thoracic spine is what orthagonal plans?

Back 250

+/-0X
+/-Z

Front 251

T or F during flexion of the thoracic spine, all of the angles between the thorax and vertebral column increase.

Back 251

True

costalvertebral
superior and inferior sternocostal angles
chondrocostal angle

Front 252

T or F during extension of the thoracic spine, all of the angles between the thorax and vertebral column increase.

Back 252

False
during extension of the thoracic spine, all of the angles between the thorax and vertebral column DECREASE.

costalvertebral
superior and inferior sternocostal angles
chondrocostal angle

Front 253

what is the average for lateral flexion for the thoracic spine?

Back 253

6* to each side

T11-T12 avg 7-9*

Front 254

T or F in the thoracic spine, lateral bending is coupled with axial rotation

Back 254

True

Front 255

in the upper thoracic lateral bending is coupled with what?

Back 255

ipsilateral rotation

Front 256

in the middle thoracic lateral bending is?

Back 256

controversial

Front 257

in the lower thoracic spine lateral bending is coupled with what?

Back 257

contralateral rotation

Front 258

what is the average for axial rotation of the upper thoracic?

Back 258

8-9*
progressively decreases inferiorly

Front 259

what are the segmental muscles of the thoracic spine?

Back 259

multifidi, interspinalis, intertransversarii and rotatores

influence segmental movement

Front 260

what are the non-segmental muscles of the thoracic spine?

Back 260

erector spinae, rectus abdominus, quadratus lumborum, and obliques

affect entire thoracic spine

Front 261

flexion of the thoracic spine is initiated by concentric activity of what muscle?

Back 261

rectus abdominus

Front 262

what limits control of flexion of the thoracic spine?

Back 262

eccentric activity of the erector spinae
limited by myofacial tissue
ligamentum flavum
interspinous and supraspinous ligament
Posteroir longitudinal ligament
capsular ligaments
posterior IVD
bony impact of vertebral bodies

Front 263

extension of the thoracic spine is governed by what concentrically and what eccentrically?

Back 263

concentric activity of the erector spinae
eccentric activity of the rectus abdominus

Front 264

what limits control of extension of the thoracic spine?

Back 264

rectus abdominus eccentrically
bony impact of SP and articular process
Anterior longitudinal ligament
elastic limits of myofascial tissue

Front 265

what muscles initiate lateral bending concentrically?

Back 265

ipsilateral erector spinae and quadratus lumborum

eccentrically the contralateral muscles (ES and QL)

Front 266

lateral bending is limited by what in the thoracic spine?

Back 266

eccentrically the contralateral erector spinae and quadratus lumborum
bony impact of ipsilateral articular process
contralateral joint capsule, ligamentum flavum, and intertransverse ligaments
elastic limits of contralateral segmental and non-segmental myofascial tissue

Front 267

rotation of the thoracic spine is initiated by what?

Back 267

concentric activity of the ipsilateral external obliques and contralateral internal obliques

Front 268

rotation of the thoracic spine is limited by?

Back 268

eccentric activity of the contralateral erector spinae and quadratus lumborum
bony impact of ipsilateral articular process
contralateral joint capsule, ligamentum flavum, and intertransverse ligaments
elastic limits of contralateral segmental and non-segmental myofascial tissue

Front 269

what is atypical about ribs 1 and 10-12

Back 269

they articulate with TVP's and body of same vertebrae only

ribs 2-9 articulate with TVP's and body same vertebrae and body of superior vertebrae

Front 270

what joint in the thoracic spine is considered a true synovial joint and firmly secured by costotransverse ligament?

Back 270

costotransverse joint

Front 271

what join in the thoracic spine, has a single facet or 2 demifacets (synovial) separated by interosseous ligament surrounded by single joint capsule?

Back 271

costo-vertebral joint

Front 272

costotransverse and costovertebral joints form what is called a joint ______.

Back 272

couple

axis passes through center of each joint
axis forms a swivel for the rib

Front 273

what ribs articulate with the sternum directly via costochondral and sternocostal joints?

Back 273

ribs 1-7

Front 274

what ribs attach indirectly via interchondral articulations to the supra-adjacent rib?

Back 274

ribs 8-10

Front 275

which ribs are considered free floating with no anterior attachment ?

Back 275

ribs 11-12

Front 276

what is the classification for the sternocostal joints of rib 1?

Back 276

synarthroidial

Front 277

what is the classification for the sternocostal joints of ribs 2-7

Back 277

arthroidial (synovial)

sternocostal joints

Front 278

costochondral joints are synarthrodial what ribs does this apply to?

Back 278

ribs 1-7

Front 279

what rib joints acts as a torsion bar during respiration?

Back 279

costochondral joints which are synarthrodial

Front 280

during quiet respiration what is active?

Back 280

thoracic mobility is minimal
diaphragm is main muscle of respiration
intercostal and QL minimally active

Front 281

during quiet expiration what is active?

Back 281

passive due to elastic recoil of ribs costocartilage and pulmonary parenchyma

Front 282

during forced inspiration what muscles are active?

Back 282

external intercostal, scalenes, pect minor, serratus antera and posterior, iliocostalis cervicis and QL

Front 283

during force expiration what is active?

Back 283

internal intercostals, abdominal, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus and quadratus lumborum increase in activity

Front 284

T or F when you have dysfunction of the upper ribs they tend to be fixed superiorly and the lower ribs tend to be fixed inferiorly

Back 284

True
upper- depression restriction
lower- elevation restriction

Front 285

what are some characteristics of the cervicothoracic transitional area? C6-T3

Back 285

sp's become elongated and point more caudally lose bifid
no uncinate processes or tranverse foramen
facet orientation increase to 60* to the coronal and 20* to the sagittal plane
ribs provide stability but limit motion
change from lordotic to kyphotic curve

Front 286

T or F in the cervicothoracic transitional area it transitions from high mobility to lower mobility?

Back 286

true

Front 287

T or F in the thoracolumbar transitional area of the spine it transitions from high mobility to lower mobility.

Back 287

False
from lower to higher mobility (high stress region)

Front 288

thoracolumbar transitional area goes from what curve to what curve?

Back 288

kyphotic to lordotic

cervicothoracic- lordotic to kyphotic

Front 289

what nerve roots often refer pain to the buttock, hip and groin and are mistaken for disorder of low back and sacroilliac regions?

Back 289

T12-L2

Front 290

in the lumbar spine, the multifidus muscle secondary action is be a neutralizers by doing what?

Back 290

oppose flexion of the trunk by the oblique abdominal musculature during axial rotation

Front 291

what muscle lies dorsal to the multifidus and forms the prominent dorsal lateral contour of the back muscles?

Back 291

lumbar erector spinae
- longisimus thoracic
- iliocostalis lumborum

Front 292

both of the erector spinae muscles have 2 parts to them what are they?

Back 292

lumbar part- arise from lumbar segments (pars lumborum)
thoracic part- arise from thoracic vertebrae or ribs (pars thoracis)

Front 293

longissimus thoracic pars lumborum is composed of:
arise from:
insert into:

Back 293

composed of 5 fascicles
arise from the accessory process and lateral-posterior TVP
insert into the medial aspect of the PSIS

Front 294

when the vertical vector of the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum contract unilaterally what does it cause

Back 294

lateral bending

Front 295

when the vertical vector of the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum contracts bilaterally what does it cause?

Back 295

posterior sagittal rotation

Front 296

when the horizontal vector of the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum bilaterally contracts what does it cause?

Back 296

increased posterior translation in a caudal to rostral direction and an increase posterior sagittal rotation in a rostral to caudal direction

Front 297

ilicostalis lumborum pars lumborum consist of how many overlapping fascicles?

Back 297

4

Front 298

in the lumbar spine, what arises from L1-L4 TVP's and middle thoraco-lumbar fascia?

Back 298

ilicostalis lumborum pars lumborum

Front 299

in the lumbar spine, what attaches inferiorly to the iliac crest and later raphe of the thoracolumbar fascia and is primarily a posterior sagittal rotator?

Back 299

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

secondarily a posterior translator

Front 300

whose caudal tendons form the majority of the erector spinae aponeurosis?

Back 300

longissimus thoracis pars thoracis

Front 301

bilateral contraction of the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis causes what?

Back 301

bowstring effect on the lumbar lordosis

Front 302

unilateral contraction of the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis causes what?

Back 302

indirectly causes lateral flexion of the lumbar spine

Front 303

when the ilicostalis lumborum pars thoracis acts bilaterally what happens?

Back 303

causes bowstring effect on lumbar lordosis

Front 304

when the ilicostalis lumborum pars thoracis acts unilaterally what happens?

Back 304

they indirectly laterally flex the lumbar spine and seve to de-rotate the thoracic cage

Front 305

what muscle forms the anterior abdominal wall attaching the anterior arch and costocartilages of the fifth-seventh ribs to the pubic ramus and symphysis

Back 305

rectus abdominus

Front 306

what muscle lies anterior to the axis of vertebral column and is known as a powerful flexor muscles of the trunk?

Back 306

rectus abdominus

Front 307

T or F the rectus abdominus acts as a lever system

Back 307

True

Front 308

what muscles work in conjunction with the rectus abdominus to flatten the lumbar spine?

Back 308

gluteal and hamstring musclulature

Front 309

what is known as the deepest layer of the lateral abdominal musculature?

Back 309

transversus abdominus

Front 310

what muscle forms the intermediate layer of the lateral abdominal muscles corset?

Back 310

internal obliques

Front 311

what muscles forms the superficial layer of the lateral abdominal muscles corset?

Back 311

external obliques

Front 312

what muscles form the erector spinae aponeurosis?

Back 312

exclusively formed by the tendons of the iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis and longissimus thoracis pars thoracis

Front 313

what are the three layers of the thoracolumbar fascia?

Back 313

anterior layer
middle layer
posterior layer

Front 314

the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia is derived from what muscle?

Back 314

quadratus lumborum

Front 315

T or F the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia blends with the middle and posterior layers

Back 315

True

Front 316

which layer of the thoracolumbar fascia lies behind the quadratus lumborum?

Back 316

middle layer

Front 317

which layer of the thoracolumbar fascia laterally gives rise to the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominus?

Back 317

middle layer

Front 318

which layer of the TLF covers the back muscles?

Back 318

posterior layers

Front 319

which layers of the TLF forms a dense raphe called the "lateral raphe"

Back 319

middle and posterior layers

Front 320

what is the biomechanical significance of the TLF?

Back 320

stabilization of the lumbar spine particularly in lifting and flexed postures

Front 321

what serves as the attachment for transversus abdominus and interal obliques?

Back 321

TLF

Front 322

the 2 layers of the posterior layer of the TLF collectively they form a __________ over the back muscles.

Back 322

retinaculum

Front 323

what serves to correct displacement by gravity or asymmetrical weight bearing?

Back 323

muscles

Front 324

what % of people the gravity line is anterior to the center of the L4 vertebrae?

Back 324

75%

Front 325

T or F posture during seating affects the electric activity of the back muscles

Back 325

true

Front 326

in the lumbar vertebral column, what is the major active movements of the back muscles?

Back 326

most important function is forward flexion of the spine and extension from a forward flexed position

Front 327

T or F the increase in activity of the back muscles is indirectly proportional to the angle of flexion and the size of the load carried.

Back 327

False
the increase in activity of the back muscles is proportional to the angle of flexion and the size of the load carried.
not: indirectly

Front 328

T or F in the lumbar spine, during forward flexion the extent and rate is controlled eccentrically.

Back 328

True

Front 329

in the lumbar spine which muscles controls the torso?

Back 329

iliocostalis thoracis and longisimus

Front 330

in the lumbar spine which muscles control the lumbar spine?

Back 330

multifidus, iliocostalis, and longissimus

Front 331

what point marks the transition of spinal load-bearing from muscles to ligamentous system?

Back 331

critical point

Front 332

at full flexion the electrical activity of the erector spinae ceases this is called what?

Back 332

flexion-relaxation phenomena

Front 333

sustained flexion-relaxation induces creep and affects the normal paraspinal reflexes for prolonged periods leading to what?

Back 333

spinal instability with greater chance of injury

fatigue failure

Front 334

during compressive loads of the back what is the % of the total extensor moment in flexion
ilicostalis and longissimus thoracis par thoracis=(1)
mulifidus=(2)
ilicostalis lumborum and longissimus thoracis pars lumborum=(3)

Back 334

1. 50%
2. 25%
3. 25%

Front 335

T or F with regards to biomechanics lifting constitutes a problem with balancing moments

Back 335

True

Front 336

what is a product of the force and its perpendicular distance from the joint in question?

Back 336

moment

Front 337

what is the sum of the moments exerted by the mass of the object lifted and the mass of the trunk

Back 337

the total flexion moment of each joint

Front 338

for a lift to be executed what has to happen?

Back 338

the flexion moments have to be overcome by a moment acting in an opposite direction

Front 339

what 2 ways can opposing moments be created?

Back 339

1. longitudinal forces acting downwards behind the hip joint and vertebral column
2. forces acting upwards in front of the joint

Front 340

T or F the extensor moments acting of the hip joint are tremendous and able to posteriorly rotate the pelvis under the heaviest of loads

Back 340

True

Front 341

who proposed that intraabdominal pressure could resist flexion by acting upwards on the diaphragm "intra-abdomen balloon mechanism"

Back 341

bartelink

Front 342

by performing what maneuver holding ones breath and forcefully contracting the abdominal musculature bartelink believed it increases intra-thoracic and abdominal pressure

Back 342

Valsalva's maneuver

Front 343

who proposed extension of teh lumbar spine was not required to lift heavy loads or loads with long moment arms?

Back 343

Farfan

Front 344

who proposed that the TFL envelopment of the back muscles acted as a retenaculum and served to brace them thus enhancing their power bya s much as 30%

Back 344

gracovetsky et al

this is still under debate

Front 345

in the lumbar vertebral column electromyographic studies show during flexion of the trunk what is the order of contraction?

Back 345

1. paravertebral muscles
2. gluteal muscles
3. hamstrings

exactly opposite in extension

Front 346

in the lumbar vertebral column electromyographic studies show during extension of the trunk what is the order of contraction?

Back 346

1. hamstrings
2. gluteal muscles
3. paravertebral muslces

exactly opposite in flexion

Front 347

T or F back muscles afford little stability to the lumbar spine during axial rotation but instead rely of the abdominal musculature

Back 347

True

Front 348

what is considered the most mobile region of the spine?

Back 348

cervical region

Front 349

what are some characteristics of the atlas?

Back 349

no vertebral body or spinous process
lateral masses
anterior arch
posterior arch transverse process

Front 350

what are some characteristics of the atlas's lateral masses?

Back 350

- long axis runs obliquely, anteromedially
- superior articular surface is concave- face superior and medially
inferior articular surface is convex anteroposteriorly - face inferior and medially

Front 351

what are some characteristics of the atlas's anterior arch?

Back 351

connects lateral masses
contains small facet on posterior surface forms atlanto-odontoid joint

Front 352

what are some characteristics of the atlas's posterior arch?

Back 352

initially flattend superoinferiorly (allow passage of vertebral arteries
thickens to form posterior tubericle in the midline

Front 353

what are some characteristics of the atlas's TVP's?

Back 353

contain foramen for vertebral arteries

Front 354

in respect to the atlanto-occipital joint, where is the axis of rotation located?

Back 354

within occiput above the center of the foramen magnum and posterior margin of the articulation

Front 355

the atlanto-occipital joint is classified as a mobile condyloid joint what is the degree of flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation

Back 355

flexion/extension= 10-15*
lateral bending= 5-8* coupled with slight contralateral rotation and horizontal translation
rotation= 0* (controversial)

Front 356

where would you find the odontoid process?

Back 356

on C2

Front 357

what is formed from the body of atlas an is embryonically fused to the body of the axis?

Back 357

odontoid process

Front 358

what acts as a pivot for the atlanto-axial joint?

Back 358

dens (odontoid process)

Front 359

what are some characteristics of the transverse process of the axis?

Back 359

project laterally and inferiorly
contain vertebral foramen transmits vertebral artery

Front 360

the inferior articular facet of the axis face inferoanteriorly at what degrees

Back 360

45*

Front 361

what three joint classifications mechanically link the atlanto-axial joint what are they?

Back 361

1 pivot joint and 2 planar joints

Front 362

in the atlanto-axial joint what is the:
flexion/extension
lateral bending:
rotation:

Back 362

flex/extend= 10*
lat. bending= 0
rotation- 47* accounts for 50% of the rotation of the cervical spine (coupled by ipsilateral anterior translation and contralateral posterior translation and compression of the atlas on the axis in a spiral or helical motion (2-3mm drop)

Front 363

what is the central aspect of the dens?

Back 363

IAR

Front 364

T or F because ligaments of the upper cervical spine can be damaged by trauma, weakened by systemic inflammatory diseases, or be congenitally absent or malformed, testing for their integrity should be done before manipulative therapy is begun

Back 364

True

clinical pearl

Front 365

what shape is the vertebral body of the cervical spine?

Back 365

small, wide and oval shaped

posterior disc is weakest

Front 366

what form joints of Von Luschka?

Back 366

uncinat process

Front 367

classify the joints formed by the uncinate process called joints of Von Luschka?

Back 367

pseudojoints with synovial membrane but no joint capsule that guide coupled rotation and lateral bending

Front 368

what classification are the articular facets of C3-C7?

Back 368

arthrodial joints with facets facing 45* between the coronal and transverse planes

Front 369

between C3-C7 what is the approximated disc height: body ratio

Back 369

2:5

largest regions allow greatest range of motion

Front 370

which cervical vertebra contain transverse foramen?

Back 370

C3-6
allow passage of vertebral arteries

Front 371

what good comes from having a broad and bi-fid spinous process in the cervical region?

Back 371

allows for strong muscular and ligmentous attachments

Front 372

why is C7 considered atypical?

Back 372

has characteristics of both cervical and thoracic vertebrae
spinous process is lone and slender
no uncinate process
usually no transverse foramen
superior articular process is similar to cervical but inferior is similar to thoracic

Front 373

what is the function of the lordotic curve in the cervical spine?

Back 373

to add resiliency to spine to axially compressive forces and balance the center of gravity of the skull over the spine

Front 374

what is a reduce in the cervical lordosis curvature called?

Back 374

hypolodosis
increase force on vertebral bodies
muscle activity in posterior neck increases to maintain head positions and spinal stability

Front 375

what is a increase in the usual cervical lordosis curvature?

Back 375

hyperlordosis

increases compressive force of facet and posterior elements

Front 376

the optimal curve of the cervical is between what degrees?

Back 376

30-45*

when measured between lines drawn through C1-C7

Front 377

for the lower cervical spine what is the
flexion-
extension-
lateral bending-
rotation-

Back 377

flex= 40*
extend= 24*
lat bending= 47*
rotation= 45*

Front 378

where in the cervical spine does the maximum rotation occur?

Back 378

C1-C2

Front 379

where in the cervical spine does the maximum lateral flexion occur?

Back 379

C2-C4

Front 380

where in the cervical spine does the maximum flexion and extension occur?

Back 380

C1-C3 and C7-T1

Front 381

what types of can you have in the cervical spine?

Back 381

vascular- impengement or stretching the vertebral artery
canal or IVF stenosis- impengement of the canal or IVF
fracture or dislocation
intervertebral disc injury w/wo radiculopathy and or myelopathy- internal disc disruptions or fissures and inflamed nerves

Front 382

who surmised that due to the criss-crossed arrangement of the fibers of the TLF, any lateral tension placed on it by the abdominal muscles would cause a significant extension moment- the "gain" of the TLF

Back 382

Farfan

liabilities to this theory

Front 383

in the thoracic spine rotation is coupled with distortion of the corresponding rib pair. what does this mean to the ipsilateral side?

Back 383

ipsilateral accentuation of the concavity (rib angle) and flattening of the convexity of the rib

Front 384

in the thoracic spine rotation is coupled with distortion of the corresponding rib pair. what does this mean to the contralateral side?

Back 384

contralateral flattening of the concavity (rib angle) and accentuation of the convexity of the rib