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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which type of bacteria has a cell wall/membrane?
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Gram positive bacteria
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What portion of a bacterial cell wall induces which immune cytokines?
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lipotechoic acid --> TNF and IL-1
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Which type of bacteria has an outer membrane?
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Gram negative bacteria
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What portion of the outer membrane induces which immune cytokiens?
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Lipid A --> TNF and IL-1
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Which bacterium has a capsule composed of D-glutamate?
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B. anthracis
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Name 5 gram-positive bacilli
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Clostridium spp.
Corynebacterium spp. Bacillus spp. Listeria spp. Mycobacterium spp. |
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Name 2 acid-fast bacteria
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Mycobacterium spp.
Nocardia spp. (weakly) |
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Name 3 gram-negative spirochetes
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Leptospira spp.
Borrelia spp. Treponema spp. |
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What is the morphology of Neisseria spp?
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Gram-negative cocci
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What is the morphology of Legionella, and what special stain is used?
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Gram-negatie bacillus
Silver stain |
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What is the morphology of Chlamydiae and what special stain is used?
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Gram-negative pleiomorphic
Giemsa stain |
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What is the morphology of Rikettsiae?
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Gram-negative pleiomorphic
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What bacteria have no cell walls and sterols in their membranes?
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Mycoplasma
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What is special about the cell wall of Mycobacterium?
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It contains mycolic acid and has a high lipid content
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What bacteria Gram stain poorly?
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color |
Treponema (too thin)
Rickettsia (intracellular) Mycobacteria (acid fast) Mycoplasma Legionella pneumophilia (intracellular) Chlamydia (intracellular) |
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Name 4 bacteria visualized with Giemsa stain
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Borrelia
Plasmodium trypanosomes Chlamydia |
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When is the PAS stain used?
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To diagnose Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii)
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What is stained by India Ink?
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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What is required to culture H. influenzae?
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Chocolate agar
Factor V (NAD+) Factor X (hematin) |
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What is required to culture N. gonorrhoeae?
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Thayer-Martin/VPN media
V = vancomycin (anti-Gram-pos) P = polymyxin (anti-Gram-neg) N = nystatin (anti-fungal) |
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What is required to culture B. pertussis?
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Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
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What does MacConkey's agar show?
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Lactose fermenting enterics --> acid --> pink plate
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What does E. coli look like on EMB agar?
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blue-black colonies with metallic sheen
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What are 4 oblicate aerobes?
Nagging Pests Must Breathe |
Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus |
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Where are P. aeruginosa infections observed?
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burn wounds
nosocomial pneumonia pneumonia in cystic fibrosis |
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Name 3 obligate anaerobes
Can't Breathe Air |
Clostridium
Bacteroides Actinomyces |
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Name 2 obligate intracellular bacteria
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Rickettsia
Chlamydia |
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Name 8 facultatively intracellular bacteria
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY |
Salmonella
Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Fancisella Legionella Yersinia pestis |
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What is the quellung reaction?
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Swelling of bacterial capsules when exposed to anti-capsular antisera
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Name 6 encapsulated bacteria
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Strep pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae type B Neisseria meningitidus Salmonella Klebsiella group B strep (S. agalactiae) |
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Name 6 catalase-positive bacteria
cats need SSPACE |
Staph aureus
Serratia Pseudomonas Actinomyces Candida E. coli |
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Name 6 urease-positive bacteria
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Proteus
Ureaplasma Nocardia Cryptococcus H. pylori Klebsiella |
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What is Protein A?
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S. aureus virulence factor
Binds Fc region of Ig, preventing opsonization/phagocytosis |
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What bacteria have IgA protease?
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S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae type B Neisseria allows colonization of respiratory epithelium |
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What is M protein
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Virulence factor in group A strep (S. pyogenes)
prevents phagocytosis |
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What does diptheria toxin do?
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Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
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What produces exotoxin A and what does it do?
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P. aeruginosa
inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) |
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What produces Shiga toxin and what does it do?
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Shigella spp.
Inactivtes 60S ribosomes - cleaves rRNA --> dysentery, HUS |
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What produces Shiga-like toxin and what does it do?
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Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (e.g. O157:H7)
Inactivates 60S ribosomes - cleaves rRNA --> HUS |
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How does the pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic E. coli differ from Shigella spp.?
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Shigella spp. invade host cells; EHEC do not
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What two toxins does enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) produce?
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Heat labile toxin: increases cAMP and Cl secretion --> fluid loss
Heat-stable toxin: increases cGMP --> lowered NaCl reabsorption --> fluid loss |
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What type of toxin and effect is produces by Yersinia enterocolitica?
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Heat-stable toxin --> increased cGMP --> decreased NaCl reabsorption --> fluid loss
cell invasion --> bloody diarrhea, dysentery |
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What toxin is produced by Bacillus anthracis?
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Edema factor: mimics adenylate cyclase --> increased cAMP
--> edematous black eschar borders in cutaneous anthrax |
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How does cholera toxin work?
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overactivates adenylate cyclase with permanent Gs activation --> increased cAMP and Cl secretion --> fluid loss ("rice water diarrhea")
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