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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the structure of bone?
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Calcified connective tissue consiting of osteocytes in a matrix of ground substance and collagen fibers.
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What do bones store?
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Reservoir for clacium and phosphorous, used by muscles to produce joint movement.
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What types of internal tissue can be found in bone?
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Marrow, the site of blood cell formation.
Red bone marrow (child) Yellow bone marrow (adult) |
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What are the anatomical terms related to planes?
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Coronal plane
Horizontal or transverse plane Medial sagittal plane |
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What are the anatomical terms related to position?
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Superior - Inferior
Anterior - Posterior Medial - Lateral Proximal - Distal Palmar - Dorsal |
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What are the anatomical terms related to movement?
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Pronation - Supination
Adduction - Abduction |
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What is compact bone?
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Dense tubular bodies of long bones, located in the shaft and heads, with a solid structure for support.
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What is cancellous bone?
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Lattice of spicules pulled with vascular bone marrow, can be red (highly vascular) or yellow (stimulated).
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What type of bone marrow is commonly found in infants, adults?
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Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow |
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What is the periostum?
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The dense fibrous tissue on all external bone surfaces, it is continuous and connective except in synovial joints.
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What are the types of bones?
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Long
Short Flat Irregular Pneumatic |
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What is the structure of long bones?
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Bones with a shaft (diaphysis) compact bone enclosing a marrow caity, a metaphysis growth plate, and two ends (epiphysis) composed of spongy bone and articular ends.
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What are some examples of long bones?
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Limbs (tibia, fibula, femur, ulna, radius, humerus)
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What is the structure of short bones?
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Spongy and marrow bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.
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What are some examples of short bones?
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Carpal and tarsal bones (cuboid shaped)
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What is the structure of a flat bone?
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Consist of two layers of compact bone enclosing spongy bone and a marrow space. Contain articular surfaces with fibrocartilage.
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What are some examples of flat bones?
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Ribs, sternum, scapulae, vault of the skull
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What is the structure of an irregular bone?
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Contain spongy bone within a layer of compact bone.
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What are some examples of irregular bones?
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Vertabrae, coxa, skull
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What is the structure of a pneumatic bone?
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Contain air spaces in place of marrow cavities, to form nasal cavities and resonating chambers.
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What are some examples of pneumatic bones?
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Frontal nasal cavity
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What are fibrous joints? (examples)
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Articular surfaces joined by fibrous tissue in sutues or syndesmoses, with low elasticity and minimal movement. (skull)
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What are cartilaginous joints, types? (examples)
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Joints with mild elasticity and litte movement.
Primary-joined by hyaline cartilage (1st rib and manubrium) Secondary-articular surfaces with hyaline cartilage joined by fibrocartilage (vertebral joints) |
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What are synovial joints, types? (examples)
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Joints with high elasticity with sliding apposed articular surfaces.
Hinge Pivot Conyloid Ellipsoid Saddle Ball + Socket Plane |
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What are hinge joints? (examples)
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Joints with flexion + extension(knee, elbow)
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What are pivot joints? (examples)
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Joints with rotation of a body (radio-ulnar)
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What are condyloid joints? (examples)
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Joints with 2 convex w/ 2 concave surfaces (knuckles)
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What are ellipsoid joints? (examples)
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Joints with convex + concave surfaces = flex, ext, ad, ab = rotate(wrist)
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What are saddle joints? (examples)
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Joints with reciprocally concavoconvex surfaces (thumb)
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What are ball + socket joints? (examples)
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Joints with free movement (shoulder, hip)
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What are plane joints? (examples)
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Joints with apposed articular surfaces (axis, atlas)
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What are bursae?
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Lubricating fibrous sacs for tendons.
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What is the circulatory system, and what are the organs of the system?
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To transport materials between the external environment and the body.
Heart Vessels Lymphatic vessels |
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What are the types of circulation, and what is their directional flow?
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Pulmonary (right ventricle-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonaryveins-left atrium)
Systemic (left ventricle-aorta-body-superior + inferior vena cava-right atrium) |
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What is the path of fetal circulation?
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Oxygenated blood is carried in placenta to the fetus-umbilical cord-fetal liver-interatria foramen-fetus' body.
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What is the structure and function of the heart?
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The hollow, muscular, 4 chambaered organ that pumps blood.
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How is the heart regulated?
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By the autonomica system's effect on the sunoatrial node.
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What are blood vessels, types?
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Carry oxygenated + deoxygenated blood
Transport wastes to kidney, intestines, lungs, and skin Transport nutrients + hormones to target cells Artieries Veins Cappilaries Sinusoids |
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What is the structure and function of arteries? (examples)
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Vessels with thick strong walls to accomodate pressure for carrying blood away from the heart.
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What is the structure and function of veins? (examples)
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Contain valves that prevent a reflux of blood while moving blood towards the heart.
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What is the structure and function of cappilaries? (absences)
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Contain endothelium + basement membranes that connect arterioles + veins. Are the site for exchange of gas, nutrients, and wastes.
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What is the structure and function of sinusoids?
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Wider and more irregular cappilaries with walls of phagocytic cells, found primarily in liver, spleen and red bone marrow.
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What are the auditory ossicles?
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Bones of the middle ear that transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane they include the malleus, incus, and stapes
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What is the structure and connection of the malleus?
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An auditory ossicle the "hammer" the largest process, connected to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity (ligament) and the tympanic membrane.
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What is the structure and connection of the uncus?
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The most medial auditory ossicle that connects the malleus and the staples by the long process, and attaches to the cavity by a ligament from the short process.
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What is the structure and connection of the stapes?
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An auditory ossicle in the shape of a "saddle" that attaches to the margin of the fenestra vestibuli and the incus.
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Where can the auditory tube be found and what is it's structue?
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A canal in the middle ear that equalizes air pressure in the tympanic cavity and the nasal pharanx.
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How do the auditory ossicles move sound waves from the tympanic membrane?
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Handle of the malleus moves with membrane medially-the body of the malleus moves with the body of the incus laterally-the long process of the incus moves medially with the stapes, pushing on the bestibuli
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What is the function of the bony labyrinth?
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An inner ear vestibule that communicates with the conclea anteriorly and the semicircular canals posteriorly.
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What is the function of the membranous labyrinth?
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Recieves recieves vibrations towards perilymph and lower scala tympani, and communicates with the scala vestibule. Disipates the waves at the round window.
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How does the stapedius muscle interact?
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Smallest skeletal muscle in the body that pulls the head of the stapes posteriorly (tilting the base). Protects the ear from loud noise/excessive ossilation of the stapes.
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How does the tensor tympani muscle interact?
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Attaches at the handle of the malleus drawing the tympanic membrane medially and tighter in response to loud noises (reducing vibration)
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What is the structure of the membranous labyrinth?
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"Membrane suspended in the perilymph of the the bony labyrinth in the innner ear.
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What is the acoustic apparatus?
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The cochlea of the innear ear housing the cochlear duct for auditory sense?
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What is the vestibular apparatus?
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Uticle, saccule, and the semicircular canals housing siemicircular ducts sensing equilibrium.
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What is the structure of the bony labyrinth?
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Vestibule communicates with the cochlea anteriorly and the 3 semicircular canals posteriorly.
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
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Provides important immune mechanism for the body, and the metastasis of cancer cells.
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What is the structure of lymphatic vessels?
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One-way drainage towrd the heart and retirn ymph to the bloodsteam through the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.
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What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
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Absorb large proteins milecules and transport them into the bloodstream, carry lymphocytes into the bloodstream.
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Where are lymphatic vessels not absent?
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Brain, spinal cord, eyes, bone marrow, etc.
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What is the structure of lymphatic cappilaries?
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Begin sparsely then join to form large vessels.
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What is the function of lymphatic cappilaries?
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Absorb lymph from tissue spaces and transport it back into the venous system.
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What are lacteals?
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Lymphatic cappilaries in the willi of small intestine, where they absorb emulsified fat.
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What is the structure of lymph nodes?
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Organized collections of lymphatic tissue permeated by lymph channels.
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What are the functions of lymph nodes?
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Produce lymphocytes and plasma cells and filter the lymph. Trap bacteria in nodes of phagocytotic cells.
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What is lymph?
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Clear watery fluid collected from intracellular spaces.
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