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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What can cause a false positive result for protein on a reagent test strip?
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highly alkaline urine
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What is the renal threshold for glucose in:
a. dog b. cat c. cow d. horse/calf |
a. 180 mg/dl
b. 280 mg/dl c. 100 mg/dl d. 160 mg/dl |
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What ketones does a U/A reagent strip detect & not detect?
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detects acetoacetate, less sensitive for acetone, does not detect beta-hydroxybutyrate (most common ketone in urine: 78%)
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how can you differentiate the 3 causes of red/brown urine
a. hemoglobinuria b. hematuria c. myoglobinuria |
a. -grossly discolored urine does NOT clear on centrifugation
-evidence of anemia & discolored plasma will be seen if d/t intravascular hemolysis -ammonium sulfate precipitation test positive b. -urine clears upon centrifugation (RBCs form pellet) -RBCs on sediment exam c. grossly discolored urine does not clear on centrifugation -clinical &/or lab evidence of muscle dz present -ammonium sulfate precipitation test negative |
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What is the significance of the following on a urine sediment exam?
a. RBCs b. WBCs c. squamous epi cells d. transitional epi cells |
a. normal urine has < 5/hpf
b. normal urine has < 5/hpf c. represent contamination from genital tract/skin in a voided sample d. come from bladder, proximal urethra, renal pelvis, or ureters normal urine has < 5/hpf ↑ exfoliation indicates inflammation or neoplasia excessive clumping, abnormal shape, &/or ↑ number may warrant cytologic evaluation for transitional cell carcinoma |
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What is the significance of the following on a urine sediment exam?
a. hyaline casts b. granular casts c. waxy casts d. cellular casts |
a. composed mostly of tubular mucoprotein
-a few/lpf can be normal -↑ #: may indicate proteinuria or ↓ tubular flow b. >1/lpf indicates tubular degeneration/necrosis c. indicate prolonged renal stasis (prelude to anuria; poor px) d. WBC: tubulointerstitial inflammation (rare), RBC: tubular hemorrhage (rare) |
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struvite crystals
a. urine pH b. significance |
a. alkaline to neutral
b. may be normal, assoc. w/ UTI, sterile struvite uroliths, or other lower urinary tract dz |
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calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals
a. urine pH b. significance |
a. acid, neutral, or slightly alkaline urine
b. may be normal, urolithiasis |
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calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals
a. significance |
a. ethylene glycol toxicity
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calcium carbonate crystals
a. urine pH b. significance |
a. alkaline to neutral
b. normal in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats (contribute to turbidity of urine) |
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What is the significance of ammonium biurate or uric acid crystals?
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normal in some Dalmatians, English Bulldogs, urate urolithiasis, liver dz (ex. PSS)
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What is the significance of bilirubin crystals?
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a few may be normal in highly concentrate dog urine, ↑ # associated w/ hyperbilirubinuria
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What urine s.g. indicate questionable concentrating ability in:
a. dogs b. cats c. horses/cows |
a. < 1.030
b. < 1.035 c. < 1.020-1.025 |
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urine protein:urine creatinine ratio interpretration
a. < 1 b. 2-5 c. > 5 d. >10 e. > 20 |
a. normal
b. renal dz (likely tubular) c. glomerular dz d. glomerulonephritis e. amyloidosis |
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fractional clearance of Na compared to creatinine
a. < 1% b. > 1% |
a. prerenal azotemia
b. renal failure |
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fractional clearance of PO4
a. > 15% |
a. increased PTH
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