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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some functions of the blood?
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Carries supplies:
-O2 to RBC -Glucose -H20 -electrolytes -proteins carries waste: -CO2 -nitrogenous |
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What is the anticoagulent preferred for use in cats and dogs?
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EDTA
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What values are in a CBC?
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-PCV/TP
-Cell Counts (RBC,WBC,platelets) -WBC Diff -hemoglobin -reticulocyte count |
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What are the 3 components of the PCV?
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1. RBC at bottom (highest SG)
2. Buffy coat (WBC) 3. Serum plasma on top |
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What does the RBC mass indicate in a PCV?
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body's ability to move O2
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If the buffy coat is wider than 1% what does this indicate?
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infection
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TP measures?
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amount of protein in the plasma
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What features of the cell do we look at?
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-size
-nucleus -cytoplasm |
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What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
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1. Neutrophil
2. Lymphocyte 3. Monocyte 4. Eosinophil 5. Basophil |
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What is an increase in number of neutrophils called?
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Neutrophilia
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What does lymphocytosis indicate?
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increase in number of lymphocytes
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What is a decrease in total WBC count called?
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Leukopenia
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What is the function of RBC's?
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carry hemoglobin (O2)
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What produces the RBC's?
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bone marrow
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What are some reasons for RBC production decrease?
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-diseased kidneys
-body does not detect blood loss -bone marrow quits |
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What Dx lab tests indicate anemia?
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-decreased circulating RBC's
-decreased PCV -decreased HgB (hemoglobin) |
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In regenerative anemia how does the bone marrow react?
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responds by increasing RBC production
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In non-regenerative anemia how does the bone marrow react?
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bone marrow does not respond
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Reticulocytes are released in what type of anemia?
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Regenerative Anemia
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What is MCV?
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Mean Corpuscular Volume
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What does normocytic mean?
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Normal size cell
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If the cells are normocytic in anemia what does this indicate?
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chronic disease
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What does microcytic mean?
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small size cells
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What does microcytic cells indicated in anemia?
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iron deficiency
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What is macrocytic mean?
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large size cells
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What does macrocytic cells incidate in anemia?
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Reticulocytosis
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When normal HgB concentration is reached what happens to RBC's?
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They stop dividing
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With some anemia why do RBC's continue to divide?
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the concentration of HgB is to low
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What is hypochromic?
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-decreased HgB
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What is normochromic?
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normal HgB
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What is increased HgB called?
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Hyperchromic
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What is the most common type of anemia (90%)?
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macrocytic, hypochromic anemia
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What is MCH?
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
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What does MCH measure?
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mean wt of HgB in average RBC
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What is MCHC?
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
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What are Reticulocytes?
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immature RBC
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What color do Reticulocytes stain?
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blue
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Reticulocytes contain?
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ribosomes, mRNA
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What does a reticulocyte count indicate?
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-anemia
-bone marrow response |
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Cats have what two types of reticulocyte forms?
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-Aggregate form
-Punctate form |
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Aggregate reticulocytes become punctuate form when?
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they mature
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Aggregate reticulocytes represent?
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what has just been released from the bone marrow
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Aggregate form looks like?
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large clumps
cell bluish |
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Punctate form looks like?
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2-8 small granules
cell not bluish |
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What type of cell arrangement is Rouleaux?
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stacks of cells
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What increases with a Rouleaux cell arrangement?
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fibrinogen and globulin
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What type of cell arrangement has clumps of cells?
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Agglutination
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Agglutination is seen with what type of disease?
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immune mediated disease
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Anisocytosis means?
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variation in size
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Abnormally shaped cells is called?
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Poikilocytosis
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Schizocytes are?
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RBC fragments
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What are some reasons for schizocytes?
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-DIC
-Neoplasia -Iron deficiency |
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Acanthocytes are?
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-"spur cells"
-irregular spicules coming off RBC -few, unevenly distributed |
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What causes acanthocytes?
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change in membrane cholestrol
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Echinocytes are?
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-"burr cells"
-regular short spicules -more numerous |
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What causes echinocytes?
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Crenation - artifact of slow drying
Dogs - renal disease, lymphosacroma, rattlesnake venom |
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Describe a Spherocyte?
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-loss of biconcave disk
-little or no central pallor -decreased cell membrane |
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What causes spherocytes?
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immune mediated disease
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Describe a Leptocyte?
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-thin, increased cell membrane
-traget cells - look like bulls eye |
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Describe a Stomatocyte?
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-rare
-inherited -looks like human mouth |
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What are the red cell inclusions?
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-Basophilic stippling
-Howell-Jolly Bodies -Nucleated RBC -Heinz Bodies |
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What caused Basophilic stippling?
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lead posioning
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What is a Howell Jolly Body?
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-nuclear remnant
-Basophilic |
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Nucleated RBC's are?
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-immature RBC
-precursor to mature RBC -normally resides in bone marrow |
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What are Heinz Bodies?
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Denatured hemoglobin
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What blood parasite causes feline infectious anemia?
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Hemobartenella
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Leukocytosis is?
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elevated TWBC
(usually Neutrophils) |
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What is the number one reason for an elevated WBC?
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Infection
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What is a stress leukogram?
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physiological response to stress that shows elevated TWBC
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What is present in a stress leukogram?
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-neutrophilia
-lymphopenia -esinopenia -monocytosis |
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Leukopenia is?
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Decreased TWBC
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What causes leukopenia?
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-inflammation
-bone marrow disease |
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What are neutrophils?
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phagocytes
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What is the function of a neutrophil?
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to consume pathogens
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What is the function of a Lymphocyte?
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Immunity
(B and T cells) |
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What are the B cells responsible for?
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antibodies
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What are the T cells responsible for?
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cellular immunity
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What are monocytes?
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immature macrophages
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What is the function of Eosinophils?
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-Parasiticidal
-Allergies -Inflammation |
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Band neutrophils are?
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immature neutrophils
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Band neutrophils indicate?
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large infection
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What does a "left shift" refer to?
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shift to immature cells
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What is the number one job of platelets?
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hemostasis
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Platelets is the body's indicator to?
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clot blood
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What are the measures of total protein?
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-Albumin
-Globulin -Fibrinogen |
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What is the function of Albumin?
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-blood pressure
-keeps fluid in vessels -shuttles different things around body |
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What is the function of Globulin?
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-antibodies
-defense system |
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What is the function of Fibrinogen?
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-Strands to help hold clot together
-coagulation |
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A clot consists of?
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-fibrin
-platelets -blood |
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What are the two paths of fibrin production?
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1. Intrinsic - intravascular component
2. Extrinsic - extravascular |
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ACT and APTT are coagulation tests for?
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intrinsic pathway
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Bleeding time is a test for?
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platelet function
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OSPT is a coagulation test for?
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extrinsic pathway
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