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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When a normal cell is in a steady state it is called what?
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Homeostasis
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A change in homeostasis due to stimuli can cause what 2 options?
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1.Cellular Adaption in which the cell adapts to its new environment to survive and is reversible.
2.injury and Cell death (necrosis) which is irreversible |
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Stress affects normal cell function by either 2 ways:
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1. cellular adaptation to maintain func.
2. fail to func and cause an injury which will lead to maladaptive changes and cell death. |
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What is Cellular Adaptation?
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Allows the stressed tissue to survive and maintain function.
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Name the 5 types of cellular adaptations:
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1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy 3. Hyperplasia 4. Dysplasia 5. Metaplasia |
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What is Pathogenesis?
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Events that lead to expression of the disease due to response to cell injury. (how the disease process evolved)
*many times the cause is unknown (idiopathic) |
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What is Pathognomonic?
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characteristic or diagnostic of a specific disease.
you can find signs that resemble a specific disease for diagnosis. |
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7 Causes (mechanisms) of Cell Injury:
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1. Neoplasia
2. Nutritional Imbalance 3. Hypoxia & Free Radical Injury 4. Physical & Chemical Agents 5. Genetic Derangement 6. Infectious Organisms 7. Immunological Rxns |
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What is a Free Radical?
What 3 things does it to do a cell? |
1.Highly reactive chemicals w/unpaired electron causing high reactivity & unstable.
2. a)lipid peroxidation-damage cell membrane b)damages nucleic acids that make up DNA c)oxidative modification of proteins- free radical attaches to O2 which changes the shape & func of protein. also cause cross links |
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What is Hypoxia?
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Depletion of oxygen to cell; interrupts production of ATP
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Depletion of ATP <5-10% of normal levels causes:
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Lose control of:
Na/K pump Cell Metabolism Ca metabolism Protein synthesis |
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Impaired Calcium Homeostasis is caused by:
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ischemia and toxins which increase infux across cell membrane releasing calcium from intracellular stores.
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What does an increase in calcium do to the body when it becomes imbalanced?
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1. release phospholipases which damage the cell membrane
2. ATPase released that damage ATP 3.Endonuclease released that fragment chromatin |
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name this types of adaptations
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normal
atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia |
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Review: things that cause membrane damage?
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1. increased calcium causing imbalance
2. damaged lipids 3. loss of phospholipids 4. reactive oxygen species 5. cytoskeletal damage |
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Reversible Cellular Adaptations include:
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1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy 3. Hyperplasia 4. Dysplasia 5. Metaplasia 6. Accumulations- hydropic changes, fat, amyloid, etc. |
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observe changes in function
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only microscopic changes are seen much longer after death has occured
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What is Cellular Atrophy?
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Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance
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What are causes for cell atrophy?
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1. lack of oxygen
2. decreased workload 3. loss/decreased blood supply 4. inadequate nutrition 5. aging 6. loss of endocrine stimulation |
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Atrophy of the kidneys can be caused by chronic low pressure which send chemicals that do what?
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raise BP and cause high BP
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What is Cellular Hypertrophy?
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an increase in the size of the cell.
there are NO new cells. |
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what are causes for hypertrophy?
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an increase in functional demand or specific hormonal.
Example: bodybuilders |
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what is a cause of heart hypertrophy?
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1.chronic high BP can cause the heart to work harder and the muscle to increase in size.
2.leaky valves also cause the heart to pump harder |
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What is Cellular Hyperplasia?
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an increase in the number of cells in an organ. the tissue volume is increased.
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Examples of Hyperplasia?
Examples of Pathologic Hyperplasia? *caused by excessive hormonal stimulation |
1. Hormonal: uterine and breasts growth in pregnancy
2. Compensatory: liver regeneration 1. Endometrial hyperplasia 2. Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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What is cellular metaplasia?
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reversible change in which one cell type is replaced by another that can better withstand that environment.
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What is the most common type of cell change in metaplasia?
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columnar to squamous epithelial tissue
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