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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definition of Acute Asthma
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-reversible airflow obstruction associated w/ a state of inc. responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to many different stimuli
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Extrinsic Asthma
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-allergic or atopic
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Intrinsic Asthma
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-no obvious extrinsic cause
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pathophysiology of asthma
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-bronchospasm
-edema -mucous production -inc'd airway resistance -hypoxemia, hypercarbia -dec'd max expiratory flow rates |
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definition of pleural effusion
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-Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
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Exudative effusion
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-abnormality of the pleura
-parapneumonia, malignancy, PE -unilateral -most commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia |
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Transudative effusion
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-Imbalance of oncotic or hydrostatic pressure
-CHF, cirrhosis -bilateral -serous in appearance - |
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Pleural fluid/Serum Protein ratio of effusions
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-transudative: <0.5
-exudative: >0.5 |
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Pleural fluid/serum LDH ration of effusions
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-transudative: <0.6
-exudative: >0.6 |
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Absolute LDH of effusions
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-transudative: NL
-exudative: > 2/3 |
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definition of PTX
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-accumulation of air in the normally airless pleural space, between the lung and chest wall
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Primary Spontaneous PTX
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-NL young, healthy people w/o lung disease
-young, tall, thin, males |
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Secondary Spontaneous PTX
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-Occurs as complication of underlying pulmonary disease - COPD- most common cause
- Necrotizing pulmonary Infx |
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Catemenial PTX
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-uncommon
-recurs at menstrual period - thought secondary to pleural and diaphragmatic endometriosis |
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Traumatic PTX
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-penetrating and nonpenetrating trauma
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Iatrogenic PTX
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-most common
-Usually due to complications of CVP line access, thoracenthesis pleural Bx, mech |
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Tension PTX
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-compromises ventilation by shifting mediastinal structures, impairing venous retain & cardiac output
- often occurs as complication of mech. vent. or other secondary PTX - not common with primary PTX |
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T/F: Pneumonia is the 6th leading cause of death in the US
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true
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90% of bacterial cases are due to...
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-pneumococcal pneumonia
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Which pneumonia will you find a rust-colored sputum?
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-strep pneumonia (pneumococcal)
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Which pneumonia will you find patchy alveolar infiltrates on CXR?
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-Haemophilis influenza
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Which pneumonia is necrotizing lobar pneumonia with bulging minor fissure on CXR?
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-Klebsiella
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Which pneumonia is contracted through the airborne transmission heat exchange systems, resp. therapy devices, water sprays and NOT human to human contact?
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-Leigonnella
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What is the most common type of pneumonia?
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-viral
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definition of acute bronchitis
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-Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa due to infection
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What is the most common cause of acute bronchitis?
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-virus
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Name three bacterial causing factors of acute bronchitis
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-Haemophilus influenza,
-Streptococcus pneumoniae, -Moraxella catarrhalis |
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inspiration
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-contraction of diaphragm (primary respiratory muscle) increases intrathoracic volume
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exhalation
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-passive process as diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil restores resting volume
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What is the primary factor that chemoreceptors notice?
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-pCO2
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generalized hypoxia over time results in...
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-pulmonary HTN
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FVC
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-forced vital capacity
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FEV1
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-forced expiratory volume in the first second of exhalation
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FEV1/FVC
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-adjusts FEV1 to individual’s actual FVC
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DLco2
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-diffusion capacity of CO2, measurement of overall alveolar function
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NL pO2
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>60 (corresponds to 90% saturation)
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NL pCO2
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40
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definition of COPD
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-characterized by permanent obstruction of airflow
-smoking is the major cause |
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T/F: COPD is the 20th leading cause of death in the US
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False: 4th
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COPD pathophys
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-Mucous hypersecretion
-Ciliary dysfunction -Airflow limitation -Pulmonary hyperinflation -Gas exchange abnormalities |
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definition of emphysema
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-permanent enlargement of alveolar ducts and sacs with destruction of their walls
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definition of chronic bronchitis
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-excessive secretion of mucous causing cough for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years
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Etiology of emphysema
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-smoking causes inflammation
-surfactant deficiency |
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Vt
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-500
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IRV
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-3100
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ERV
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-1200
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RV
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-1200
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TLC
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-6000
TLC = Vt + IRV + ERV + RV or TLC = VC + RV |
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VC
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-4800
VC= Vt + IRV + ERV -should be 80% of TLC |
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IC
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-3600
IC = Vt + IRV |
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FRC
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-2400
FRC = ERV + RV |