Clin Lab 3 Serology

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define serology

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test for specific antibody to diagnose infection or disease surveillance

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ELISA

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Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test

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what is ELISA

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primary binding test used to detect and measure antigen or antibody

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chromogenic substrate

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producing color or coloring matter

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colloidal gold

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immunochromatographic test using colloidal gold and antibody conjugate in the test system

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conjugate

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paired or equally coupled; working in union to link markerproteins such as florescein or enzymes to an antibody molecule to detect antigens

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radioisotope

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radioactive form of an element used to treat or diagnose

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allergy

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altered reaction to subsequent exposure to antigen

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allergen

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extract substance protein or not capable of producing allergy or hypersensitivity

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NK cells

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subpopulation of lymphocytes capable of direct lysis of cells infected with antigen

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interferons

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small soluble proteins that enhance the function of the immune system

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cytokines

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soluble molecules that serve as mediators of cell responses

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effector cells

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collective term for lymphocytes that enhance the function of other cells

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antibody

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protein developed in response to an invading substance

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antigen

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invading substance that elicits an immune reaction

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IgM

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complement cascade activator; 1st to respond

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IgG

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microbe & toxin neutralizer; most abundant immunoglobulin

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IgE

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responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions; coats parasites for destruction by eosinophils

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aka innate immunity

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nonspecific immunity

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aka adaptive immunity

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acquired, specific immunity

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innate immunity contains this system with these two cells

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mononeuclear phagocytic system uses neutrophils and monocytes

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NK cells are part of this immunity and release what for it?

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small subset of lymphs that release interferon-y for innate immunity

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complement system works for this immunity

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innate

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complement cascade

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C1-C9 proteins that cause chemical reactions to inactivate antigens; activated by IgM for innate system

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this immuity begins after invasion and can be started in one of two ways

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adaptive;
passive, active

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helper T cells activate B cells by ___ production in this system

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cytokine; Humoral

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B cells are ___ cells, a type of ___ cells

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plasma cells, a type of effector cells

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how do T cells work for what system?

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Cell mediated; develop specific receptors to specific antigens then memory cells form

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atopy

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allergy

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HIV's effect on specific immunity system

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HIV has affinity for T cells

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an autoimmune disease can result from this

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immune mechanisms fail

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type I hypersensitivity

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immediate; mast cells release chemicals, seen with allergies and anaphylactic

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type II hypersensitivity

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antibody mediated disease, seen with AIHA = IMHA

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type III hypersensitivity

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antibodies & antigens form deposits in blood vessels; seen with glomerulonephritis

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type IV hypersensitivity

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T cell mediated disease, T cells against self antigens in tissues; seen w contact hypersensitivity: dermatitis, poison ivy

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2 most common small animal humoral immunity tests

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ELISA & latex agglutination

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ELISA tests for ___

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either antibodies or antigens depending

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common snap tests

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heartworm, FeLV FIV combo, Parvo

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# of drops needed of blue in ELISA

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4

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# of drops needed of red in ELISA

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3

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type of fluid ELISA uses

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can be various, blood, urine, feces, etc

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how ELISA works

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enzyme binds to antigen or antibody then causes a color change

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fluid used in latex agglutination test

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serum

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carrier in latex aggl test

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no enzyme, carrier is latex

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what a positive result in latex aggl test looks like

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clumping

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what we will be testing for to practice latex aggl test

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brucellosis

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latex aggl tests for patients ___

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antibodies

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RIM definition

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Rapid Immunomigration

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RIM checks for patients ___

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antigens

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aka RIM

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immunochromatography or lateral flow immunoassay

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molecule used in RIM test

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colloidal gold

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positive result in RIM

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two color changes

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common test using RIM

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Witness FeLV

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titer

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the dilution factor of the last tube in series that shows agglutination

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used to describe titers

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+ - +++ and ratios 1:1 high, 1:32 low
high=infection low=exposure

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how immunodiffusion works

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checks for antibodies; if diffusion into agar and band of precipitation form = + result

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when immunodiffusion test used

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most in large animals, equine infectious anemia

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fluid used in immunodiffusion test

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serum

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these 6 tests are not common in s.a. practice; just sent to specialists or labs

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CELISA, radioimmunoassay, flourescent antibody, coombs, intradermal, antibody titers

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radioimmuneassay checks for this with patients __ and test __

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checks for antigens in serum with radioisotope

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fluorescent antibody testing checks for ___

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antibodies

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two types of fluorescent antibody tests

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direct, indirect

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frequency/use of Coombs test

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used moderately-very accurate but time consuming-sent out to lab

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how Coombs works

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detects presence of antibodies against bodys own tissues; looking for AIHA