Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why use the lordotic view?
|
Shows the lung markings
|
|
Absorb x-rays well, inc density
|
radiopaque
|
|
Absorb X-rays poorly, dec densityu
|
radiolucent
|
|
Solid organs are ______ for US.
|
Echogenic
|
|
Fluid is _____ for US.
|
Echolucent
|
|
Why get a CXR?
|
Pneumonia, CHF, trauma, ICU
|
|
Why get an Abd XR?
|
Acute abd pain, check tube placement
|
|
How you quantify brightness on a CT?
|
HU
|
|
Why get non-contrast head CT?
|
AMS, anything due to cranial bleed
|
|
Why get a contrast head CT?
|
Immunocompromised CNS infx, tumors
|
|
Why get a chest CT?
|
trauma, PE, hemoptysis
|
|
Why get an Abd/Pelvic CT?
|
PLQ pain, LLQ pain, N/V/distention, trauma
|
|
Why get an abd US?
|
RUQ pain, cirrhosis, abn LTF
|
|
Why get a renal US?
|
dec urinary output, cysts, transplant with inc Cr
|
|
Why get a brain MRI?
|
Chronic h/a, unilat weakness, difficulty with speech and balance, MS, pituitary adenoma, CNS infx
|
|
Why get a spinal MRI?
|
back and neck pain with neuro sxs
|
|
Abd MRI?
|
evaluate a mass, dx difficult CT cases, MRCP, MRA of vessels
|
|
bone scan?
|
newly dx Ca, chronic back pain, DM
|
|
T1, MRI
|
gray is gray and white is white
|
|
T2 MRI
|
CSF and water are bright
|
|
Flair MRI
|
variation of T2, CSF= gray abnl= white
|
|
Diffusion wt MRI
|
ischemia is bright
|
|
Acute Radiation Syndrome
|
Bone marrow suppression, GI sxs, Neurovascular Sx
|
|
Acute blood on CT
|
<3days, hyperdense
|
|
Subacute blood on CT
|
3-14 days, isodense
|
|
Chronic blood on CT
|
>14days, hypodense
|
|
Types of extra-axial ICH
|
subarachnoid, epidural, subdural
|
|
causes of subarachnoid ICH
|
aneurysm, trauma
|
|
CT of subarachnoid ICH
|
hyperdense, CSF in fissures
|
|
causes of epidural hematoma
|
skull fx, MMA tear
|
|
CT of epidural hematoma
|
lens-shaped can cross falx, does not cross suture lines
|
|
causes of subdural hematoma
|
tearing of veins, abuse, NOT skull fx
|
|
CT of subdural hematoma
|
crescent shaped, do not cross falx
|
|
Hct level of subdural hematoma
|
rebleed
|
|
types of intra-axial ICH
|
cortical contusions, intraventricular, DAI
|
|
causes of cortical contusions
|
brain hitting bone
|
|
CT of cortical contusion
|
circumscribed, hyperdense, anterior or middle fossa
|
|
causes of intraventricular
|
tearing of veins
|
|
CT of intraventricular
|
hyperdense, in the ventricles
|
|
cause of DAI
|
MVCs, shearing forces
|
|
CT of DAI
|
@GM/CM jctn, corpus callosum, brainstem multifocal on T2
|
|
What is a watershed infarct?
|
dec'd BP during surgery, bilateral sxs, "man in Barrel"
|
|
SXS of left MCA tear
|
anterior- motor aphasia
posterior- receptive aphasia |
|
SXS of right MCA tear
|
visuospatial dysfx
|
|
SXS of ACA tear
|
leg weakness
|
|
SXS of PCA tear
|
hemianopsia
|
|
CT of petichial hemmorhage
|
creeping blook in gyriform pattern, hyperdense
|
|
CT of acture stroke (non-contrast)
|
insular ribbon sn, hyperdense MCA sn, hypodense edema
|
|
What is insular ribbon sn?
|
Blurring of gray-white layers of insular cortex
|
|
Suprasellar masses
|
SATCHMO
|
|
Ring enhancing lesions
|
MAGICDR
|
|
T1 bright lesions
|
hemorrhage, melanin, fat, inc'd protein, Gadolinium, Ca++
|
|
3-6-9 Rule of GI
|
SB<3
TC<6 C<9 |
|
Rule of 3s of GI
|
walls and folds<3mm, diameter <3mm, only 3 air fluid levels
|
|
Adynamic ileus
|
dilation of both large and small bowels
|
|
SNS of free air
|
subdiaphragmatic gas outlining the falciform ligamnet, gas on both sides of bowel (Riglers)
|
|
Portal venous gas
|
thin-branched lucencies that extend to liver periph.
|
|
Pneumobilia
|
centrally located branched lucencies that do NOT extend to liver periph
|
|
Sigmoid Volvulus
|
coffee bean sn, brids beak sn
|
|
Double contrast UGI
|
U and L abd pain, N/V, prior ulcer, prior GI surgery, heme + stools
|
|
Benign Gastric Ulcer
|
folds to the crater, crater penetration beyond NL margin, hampton's line, ulcer collar
|
|
What is Hampton's line?
|
thin line across ulcer neck
|
|
UGI with SBFT
|
U and L abd pain, N/V, h/o Crohn's, prior GI surgery, anemia
|
|
Look of Crohn's
|
Folds thicken, aphthous ulcer, fistulas, skip lesions, creeping fat, cobblestone look
|
|
Need double contrast BE?
|
Guaniac + stool, incomplete colonoscopy, abd pain, colon Ca screen
|
|
IVP
|
NL calyx= cupped, dilated calyx= clubbed
ureters<7mm bladder has smooth outline |
|
Location of stones
|
UPJ, UVJ, where ureter crosses the iliac
|
|
classification of fx
|
extent, direction, displacement, # of Fx lines, rotation, angulation
|
|
Complete Fx
|
discontinuity btw 2 or more fragments
|
|
Incomplete Fx
|
portion of the cortex remains intact, AKA greenstick
|
|
Closed Fx
|
overlying skin intact
|
|
Open Fx
|
AKA compound fx, overlying skin is open
|
|
Transverse Fx
|
R angle to axis of the bone
|
|
Oblique Fx
|
45 degree angle to long bone
|
|
Comminuted Fx
|
more than 2 fragments
|
|
Butterfly fragment
|
triangular fragment is detached from other 2 fragments
|
|
Segmental Fx
|
segment is detached both proximally and distally
|
|
Lipohemarthrosis
|
fx that allows fat and blood into joint space
|
|
Compression fx
|
compaction of bone which dec length
|
|
depressed fx
|
portions driven inward
|
|
Stress Fx
|
in response to repeated stress
|
|
Pathologic fx
|
occurs in area of weakness from disease
|
|
Torus Fx
|
AKA buckle, cortex is intact with buckling of the opposite
|
|
Bowing fx
|
plastic deformation caused by stress
|
|
displacement
|
separation of fragments (sideways)
|
|
Angulation
|
angular deformity
|
|
Distraction
|
separation of fragments (wide)
|
|
Dislocation
|
disruption of articulation
|
|
Subluxation
|
partial loss of articualtion
|
|
Colle's fx
|
transverse fx of distal radius with dorsal angulation
|
|
Benign Gastric Ulcer
|
folds to the crater, crater penetration beyond NL margin, hampton's line, ulcer collar
|
|
What is Hampton's line?
|
thin line across ulcer neck
|
|
UGI with SBFT
|
U and L abd pain, N/V, h/o Crohn's, prior GI surgery, anemia
|
|
Look of Crohn's
|
Folds thicken, aphthous ulcer, fistulas, skip lesions, creeping fat, cobblestone look
|
|
Need double contrast BE?
|
Guaniac + stool, incomplete colonoscopy, abd pain, colon Ca screen
|
|
IVP
|
NL calyx= cupped, dilated calyx= clubbed
ureters<7mm bladder has smooth outline |
|
Location of stones
|
UPJ, UVJ, where ureter crosses the iliac
|
|
classification of fx
|
extent, direction, displacement, # of Fx lines, rotation, angulation
|
|
Complete Fx
|
discontinuity btw 2 or more fragments
|
|
Incomplete Fx
|
portion of the cortex remains intact, AKA greenstick
|
|
Closed Fx
|
overlying skin intact
|
|
Open Fx
|
AKA compound fx, overlying skin is open
|
|
Transverse Fx
|
R angle to axis of the bone
|
|
Oblique Fx
|
45 degree angle to long bone
|
|
Comminuted Fx
|
more than 2 fragments
|
|
Why get a spinal MRI?
|
back and neck pain with neuro sxs
|
|
Abd MRI?
|
evaluate a mass, dx difficult CT cases, MRCP, MRA of vessels
|
|
bone scan?
|
newly dx Ca, chronic back pain, DM
|
|
T1, MRI
|
gray is gray and white is white
|
|
T2 MRI
|
CSF and water are bright
|
|
Flair MRI
|
variation of T2, CSF= gray abnl= white
|
|
Diffusion wt MRI
|
ischemia is bright
|
|
Acute Radiation Syndrome
|
Bone marrow suppression, GI sxs, Neurovascular Sx
|
|
Acute blood on CT
|
<3days, hyperdense
|
|
Subacute blood on CT
|
3-14 days, isodense
|
|
Chronic blood on CT
|
>14days, hypodense
|
|
Types of extra-axial ICH
|
subarachnoid, epidural, subdural
|
|
causes of subarachnoid ICH
|
aneurysm, trauma
|
|
CT of subarachnoid ICH
|
hyperdense, CSF in fissures
|
|
causes of epidural hematoma
|
skull fx, MMA tear
|
|
Boxer's fx
|
transverse fx of the neck of 5th metacarpal with 5th metacarpal volar angualtion
|
|
Monteggia fx
|
fracture of shaft of ulna with anterior dislocation of radius at elbow
|
|
Galeazzi fx
|
fx of shaft of radius and dorsal dislocation of ulna at wrist
|
|
Jones Fx
|
tranverse fx of base of 5th metatarsal
|
|
SH type 1
|
through epiphyseal plate
|
|
SH type 2
|
through metaphysis, plate and epiphysis
|
|
SH type 3
|
through epiphysis, not metaphisis, then plate
|
|
SH type 4
|
through metaphysis, plate and epiphysis
|
|
SH type 5
|
compression
|
|
anterior column of spine
|
vertebral bodies, discs, ant and post long. Ligaments
|
|
Posterior column
|
facets, aposyseal jts, pedicles, lamina, ligaments
|
|
Jefferson Fx
|
comminuted fx of atlas (ring breaks)
|
|
Hangman's fx
|
hyperextension of head, break arch of C2 with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3
|
|
Clay Shoveler's fx
|
avulsion of spinous process in L C-spine or U C-spine
|
|
Seatbelt fx
|
transverse fx of lumbar vertebra with visceral injury
|
|
Spondylosis
|
Cleft btw sup and inf articular process of vertebra
|
|
Spondylolithesis
|
displacement after spondylolysis
|
|
Radiographic osteoporosis
|
cortical thinning with irregularity and resorption of endosteal surfaces, compression of T-spine, spotty skull
|
|
Radiographic Osteomalacia
|
loss of bone density, indistinct cortical borders, bowling deformities, protrusionacetabuli
|
|
What is protrusion acetabuli?
|
Inward bending of the sideways with deepening of acetabular cavities
|
|
Radiographic Rickets
|
inc'd distance btw epiphysis and end of shaft, metaphyseal lines disappear, bowing rachitic rosary, kyphosis
|
|
What is rachitic rosary?
|
beading of sternal ends of ribs
|
|
Radiographic Paget's?
|
Radiolucent skull, cottonwool appearance of cortex, enlarged vertebral bodies
|
|
Radiographic gout?
|
jt effusion, periarticular swelling, punchout defects in hand and foot, overhanging edges, jt space narrowing, tophi
|
|
Osteochondroma
|
benign projection of bone with cartilaginous cap in children (usually knees)
|
|
Endochondroma
|
benign cartilaginous tumor from medullary canal in children (usually hand bones)
|
|
Giant Cell Tumor
|
distal end of femur or proximal tib
|
|
Osteoid Osteoma
|
round with lucent center with cortical thickening, pain worse at night
|
|
Osteoma
|
from outer skull, sinuses, manible, <2cm lesion
|
|
Bone Cyst
|
fluid filled with fibrous wall
|
|
Aneurysmal cyst
|
has AV communications, expansile
|
|
Bone Island
|
defined, dense compact bone
|
|
Osteogenic Sarcoma
|
"sunburst pattern"
"codman's triangle" |
|
Chondrosarcoma
|
bone destruction which may punctuate with cartilaginous matrix
|
|
Ewing's Sarcoma
|
in bone marrow, fusiform layers with periosteal rxn, mimics osteomyelitis
|
|
Multiple Myeloma
|
flat bones and red marrow effected, osteolytic
|
|
Osteolytic Lesions
|
breast, kidney, thyroid
|
|
Osteoblastic Lesions
|
prostate, breast
|
|
RA
|
in hands and feet, symmetric involvement with multiple joints
|
|
Ankylosing spondylitis
|
bilat, symmetric, in SI jt, bamboo spine
|
|
Reiter's Syndrome
|
post infx, SI jts, toes, asymmetric and bilat
|
|
Psoriatic Arthritis
|
DIP vs PIP, asymmetric, bony ankylosis
|
|
OA
|
loss of cartilage, in wt bearing jt, narrowing of jt space, osteophytes, Heberden's nodes
|
|
Infx Arthritis
|
red, hot, swollen, sequestra, kissing sequestra
|
|
Osteomyelitis
|
metaphyses of long bones, vertebra, ragged-moth-eaten appearance
|
|
Frequenr herniated discs
|
L4-5, L5-S1, C5-6, C6-7
|
|
Fibrous dysplasia
|
single or multiple bones, radiolucent with bands of sclerosis
|
|
What is the best dx tool for hemothorax and PTX?
|
PA CXR
|
|
What is the best dx tool for sinusitis?
|
CT fo sinuses
|
|
What is the best dx tool for TMJ?
|
MRI
|
|
What is the best dx tool for M.M. or metastatic dz?
|
Bone Survey
|
|
What is the best dx tool for Scoliosis?
|
Erect AP, LAT of Whole Spine
|
|
What is the best dx tool for ICH?
|
Noncontrast CT
Blood is bright |
|
Osteoporosis Circumscripta
|
sharply demarcated radiolucency in skull
destructive phase of Pagets |
|
Reparative Phase of Pagets
|
irregular islands of sclerosis and cortical thickening- Cotton woool appearance
|
|
1st sn of Ichemic Necrosis of Bone
|
radiolucent crescent sn in subcortical locations--> may progress to fragmentation and compression
|
|
What is the best dx tool for ischemic necrosis of bone?
|
MRI and Bone scan
|
|
Where does ischemic necrosis of bone usually occur?
|
femoral head
|
|
What is the cause of a lacunar infarct?
|
uncontrolled HTN
|