Clin Chem Study Card

Front 1

What is the principle of Electrochemistry

Back 1

Coupling of electricity and chemical reaction

Front 2

What is the principle of Electrophoresis

Back 2

Separation of charged molecules moving under the influence of electric field

Front 3

What is the principle of Spectrophotometry

Back 3

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter

Front 4

What is the principle of Chromatography

Back 4

Separation of molecules due to interaction with chromatographic column

Front 5

What is the principle of Mass Spec

Back 5

Separation of charged molecules in magnetic field

Front 6

What is the principle of Immunoassays

Back 6

Reaction between analyte and antibody

Front 7

What is the principle of Flow Cytometry

Back 7

Cell counting and characterization by their light scattering and fluorescene

Front 8

What is the principle of Genetic testing

Back 8

Detection of specific genetic sequences

Front 9

Define Sensitivity

Back 9

TP/(TP+FN)
Fraction of sick among those diagnosed as sick

Front 10

Define Specifictiy

Back 10

TN/(TN+FP)
Fraction of healthy among those diagnosed as healthy

Front 11

Define Positive Predicted Value

Back 11

TP/(TP+FP)
Odds of positive diagnosis being correct

Front 12

Define Negative Predicted Value

Back 12

TN/(TN+FN)
Odds of negative diagnosis being correct

Front 13

Explain Potentiometry

Back 13

Electric potential between two electrodes at zero charge flow

Front 14

Explain Voltammetry

Back 14

Electric current depending on Voltage

Front 15

Explain Coulometry

Back 15

Total electric charge necessary to complete chemical reaction

Front 16

Explain Conductometry

Back 16

Electrical Conductivity

Front 17

Explain what effects mobility in Electrophoresis

Back 17

Electric charge carried by a molecule determines the electric force acting on it. Charge molecules move faster

Size and shape determines its mobility. Bigger goes slower

Front 18

Describe DNA electrophoresis

Back 18

uniformly charged DNA molecules run on agarose gel

Front 19

Describe SDS-PAGE

Back 19

Unfolded protein molecules run in the presence of SDS on polyacrylamide gel

Front 20

Describe Isoelectrophoresis

Back 20

Protein molecules run on a gel with pH gradient

Front 21

Describe 2D electrophoresis

Back 21

Protein molecules are separated first by their molecular weight and then by their isoelectric point

Front 22

Describe Western Blot

Back 22

Specific proteins are visualized by antibody staining

Front 23

What are examples of Absorption Spectrophotometry

Back 23

atomic and molecular absorption spectroscopy

Front 24

What are examples of Emission Spectrophotometry

Back 24

Flame spectroscopy, fluroescent spectroscopy

Front 25

What are examples of Scatter Spectrophotometry

Back 25

Turbidimetry, nephelometry

Front 26

Explain the Beer-Lambert Law

Back 26

A = a·c·l

a=extinction coefficient
c=anaylyte coefficient
l=optical path lentgth

Front 27

Explain the equation for Transmittance

Back 27

T I1/I0o x 100%
A= -log (I1/Io) = 2 - log10T=a·c·l
T=10^(2-A)

Front 28

What is the principle of separation for Paper chromatography

Back 28

Sample migrates on paper due to capillary action

Front 29

What is the principle of separation for TLC

Back 29

Sorbent is thin layer of gel applied to glass or plastic

Front 30

What is the principle of separation for Ion-Pair Chromotography

Back 30

Charged component is added to mobile phase

Front 31

What is the principle of separation for Ion-Exchange Chromotography

Back 31

Analytes interact with charged sorbent

Front 32

What is the principle of separation for Size Exclusion chromotography

Back 32

Separated molecules enter pores in sorbent material

Front 33

What is the principle of separation for Reversed Phase chromotography

Back 33

Different polarity of mobile and stationary phases

Front 34

What is the principle of separation for GC

Back 34

Molecules are separated based on their boiling points

Front 35

Give an general description of Immunoassays

Back 35

1. Anti-body reacts with antigen
2. Immunoassay can be homogeneous and heterogeneous
3. Immunoassay's can be competitive or direct

Front 36

What is the principle of detection of RIA

Back 36

competition with radiolabeled analyte

Front 37

What is the principle of detection of Agglutination

Back 37

Precipitation when antigen is multivalent

Front 38

What is the principle of detection of EIA

Back 38

Activity of an antibody linked enzyme

Front 39

What is the principle of detection of EMIT

Back 39

Changes in activity of drug linked enzyme upon binding antibody

Front 40

What is the principle of detection of FPIA

Back 40

decreased rotational freedom of a drug-linked flurophore upon binding antibody

Front 41

Give a general description of Flow cytometry

Back 41

1. Cells are detected by spark of scattered light produced when they cross sensing zone
2. Cells are characterized by the properties of scattered light and emitted fluorescence
3. Cells can be sorted based on their properties

Front 42

What technique could you use to detect these Diseases?
-Hematological Malignancies
-Minimal Residual Disease
-Lymphocyte Subset Enumeration (HIV)
-Efficacy of Cancer Therapy
-PLatelet Function analysis

Back 42

Flow Cytometry

Front 43

What technique is generally used for drug screening?

Back 43

TLC

Front 44

What technique can be used to detect HIV

Back 44

Immunoassay

Front 45

What technique is used to detect sickle cell anemia and Thalassemia?

Back 45

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

Front 46

How do you detect Lymes Disease?

Back 46

Western Plot

Front 47

What technique is used for AC test and Immunoglobin assays?

Back 47

Turbimetry

Front 48

What is commonly used for Drugs test and therapeutic monitoring of plasma drug levels?

Back 48

HPLC

Front 49

What can mass spec be used for clinically?

Back 49

Cancer Diagnosis