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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are hallmarks of eukaryotic cells? |
mitochondria and nuclei |
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what are some features unique to eukaryotes? |
golgi apparatus centriles cilia |
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in what pattern are flagella usually structured? |
9+2 |
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what was suggested to be the remaines of eukaryotic algae? |
Grypania |
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what about the organisms found attached to rocks 3.2 bil years ago suggests that they might have been eukaryotes |
large size and resistance to chemical attack |
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what are acritarchs |
microfossils that lack distinct features for paleontologists to classify |
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what is the oldest fossilthat can confidently be assigned to a modern algal group
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Bangiomorpha
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how old is bangiomorpha |
1.1-1.2 bil yrs |
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how old is Cladomorpha?
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700-750 mil |
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what fossils were diverse and abundant in deposits around 100 million years ago |
haptophyte coccolithiphorids and stramenopile diatoms |
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what do comparative analysis of modern genome sequences suggest about eukaryotic genomes? |
that they inherited genes from both bacterial and archael genomes |
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what genes were mostly obtained from bacterial ancestors |
genes involved in everyday cellular maintenance (OPERATIONAL GENES) |
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what genes were obtained from archaeal ancestors? |
genes that convert DNA information into proteins |
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where did the mitochondria and plastids originate from? |
endosymbiotic bacteria |
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what is endosymbiosis |
the process by which one organism becomes stably resident within the cell or body of another to form a chimera |
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what is the main way in which host cells take in cells that become endosymbionts? |
phagotrophy |
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what is the first important cellular feature that allows eukaryotic cells to ingest prey and potential symbionts |
a way to capture food particles
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what is the second important cellular feature that allows eukaryotic cells to ingest prey and potential symbionts |
a flexible membrane |
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what is the third important cellular feature that allows eukaryotic cells to ingest prey and potential symbionts |
endocytosis |
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what is endocytosis |
how vesicles formed by invagination of host enguld particles
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what happens as a result of phagotrophy? |
ingested cells occur within food vacuoles whose delimiting membrane has originated from the host's plasma membrane |
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when are prey cells typically digested? |
when lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole |
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where did mitochondria originate from? |
an endosymbiotic oxygen-consuming alphaproteobacterium |
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what did the origin of mitochondria simulate
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early radiation of eukaryotes and the origin of nuclear envelope |
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glaucophytes cryptomads red algae and green algae all have ________________ mitochondria |
flattened |
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euglenoids have what shape mitochondria |
disk shape |
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chlorarachniophytes haptophytes dinoflagellates apicomplexans and photosynthetic stramenopiles all have what mitochondria shape |
tubular |
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which group have primary plastid origin |
glaucophytes
red algae green algae |
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the _____________ membrane forms the cristae |
inner |
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how does protein import occur? |
protein complexes like TIM and TOM |
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what targets proteins
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short amino acid sequences |
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what are transit peptides |
targeting sequences |
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what did the evolutionary transition from endosymbiont to mitochondria involve |
the addition of targeting sequence coding information to symbiont genes in host nuclear DNA |
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can plastids live outside host cells |
no |
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who did land plants inherit their plastids from? |
green algae |
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what do all oxygenic photosynthetic organisms share features of? |
photosystem II such as the D1-D2 reaction center protein |
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what is the adaptive advantage to host cells of mainting photosynthetic endosymbionts |
they can produce organic carbon and energy over the longterm |
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what is primary endosymbiosis
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ingested cyanobacterial cells become endosymbionts within a eukaryotic host |
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what suggests that Paulinella's photosynthetic endosymbionts have undergone evolutionary changes typical of primary plastids? |
absence of enclosing vacuole division under the host elevated AT content |
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what is secondary endosymbiosis |
process by which eukaryotic cells become endosymbionts within a eukaryotic host cell |
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where to secondary plastids lie? |
within the hosts endomembrane system |
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what is tertiary endosymbiosis |
when eukaryotic cells contain a plastid that has been derived from a eukaryotic endosymbiont that possessed a secondary plastid |
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what pigment do secondary plastids contain? |
peridinin |
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what are nucleomorphs |
bound by two membranes and occur between the inner and outer two pairs of plastid membranes |
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do secondary plastids have nucleomorphs? |
no |
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what does the existence of cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte nucleomorphs suggest? |
that similar structures might have once occured in the secondary plastids of other algae but all vestiges of eukaryotic endosymbiont have been lost |
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what is an apicoplast? |
colorless vestigial palstid |
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how many times did secondary green plastids arose? |
more than once |
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what is the chromalveolate hypothesis |
single red secondary plastid origin |
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what is this a picture of? |
chromalveolate hypothesis |
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how many membranes surround secondary plastids |
four |
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what is the portable plastid hypothesis |
red plastids have greater genetic autonomy than green plastids |
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what is a periplastidal comaprtment |
the region between the inner and outer pairs of chloroplast envelope memranes |
