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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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About how many receptors are there in the olfactory system?
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500-1000 receptors
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True/False: Olfactory neurons are bipolar.
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TRUE
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About how many odors are able to sensed by the olfactory system?
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>5000 odors
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The bipolar olfactory neurons synapse on what type of cell?
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Mitral cells
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What is the structure where the bipolar olfactory neurons and the mitral cells synapse?
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glomerulus
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What are the two components of the "olfactory cortex"?
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Pyriform cortex and the entorhinal cortex
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Trace olfactory input to orbitofrontal cortex.
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Olfactory input - amygdala + olfactory cortex - DM - olfactory cortex
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What are two things which diminish sense of smell?
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Infections and smoking
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If smell is lost, what is possible?
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Early neurodegenerative disease
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Kallman hormone is the lose of what type of neurons (or absence)?
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Lutein hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)
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What is a potential second olfactory system?
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Vomeronasal organ
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What may sense human pheromones?
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Vomeronasal organ
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What are the four regions/structures located in the limbic system?
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Limbic lobe, subcortical structures, anterior thalamus (anterior tubercle), and mammillary bodies
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List four components of the limbic lobe?
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Subcallosal, cingulate, isthmus of cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus
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What are the three components of the subcortex associated with the limbic system?
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Amygdala, septal nuclei, and basal forebrain
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What coordinates intellect (cognition) and affect (emotions) also involved in emotional processing, has reduced activity in schizophrenia.
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Cingulate cortex
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What is often associated with chronic pain syndromes resulting in negative emotional responses?
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Cingulate cortex
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What are the three components of the hippocampal formation?
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Hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, subiculum
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What becomes the fornix?
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The hippocampal formation's fimbria
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In the hippocampal formation, where is the granular layer?
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In the dentate gyrus
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What looks like a jelly roll or a cinnamon roll?
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Dentate gyrus
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What is located under the jelly roll or dentate gyrus?
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Subiculum
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What is located laterally from the dentate gyrus?
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Hippocampus proper
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How many layers does the hippocampal formation have?
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three
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What is the major input region of the hippocampal formation?
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Dentate gyrus
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What is the major output region of the hippocampus?
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Subiculum (small part of the hippocampus proper)
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What is the outer output neuronal shell of the hippocampus?
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Alveus
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What is between the subiculum and the collateral sulcus?
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entorhinal cortex
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What is a proposed memory pathway?
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Cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
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Trace the flow of memories through the hippocampus to the cortex.
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Hippocampus (Dentate) - Hp Proper + subiculum - fibria - fornix - mammilary bodies, septal nuclei (?) - cortex
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If bilateral hippocampi is removed what occurs?
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Anterograde amnesia
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Define: Unable to remember since time of lesion.
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Declarative memory
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What are the two regions of the brain responsible for epilepsy?
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Amygdala, and hippocampus
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List the four components of the papez (pape) circuit?
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Cingulate cortex, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, and anterior thalamus
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How is the hippocampus and mammillary bodies joined?
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Fornix
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What connects the mammillary body and the anterior thalamus?
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Mammillothalamic tract
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Besides the hippocampus what is another region associated with the limbic system?
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Septal area
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What area is associated with pleasure?
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Septal area
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What area when lesioned (besides the hippocampus) is associated with learning peseverance?
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Septal area
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What functions to label stimuli as 'negative' or harmful, fear/anxiety responses, stimulation results in arrest response, followed by fight or flight.
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Amygdala
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What area has benzodiazepan receptors?
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Amygdala
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What are the five outputs of the amygdala?
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PAG (pain suppression), Autonomic centers, reticular formation (vigilance startle), Paraventricular nucleus (CRH-stress response), DM (planning & judgment)
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What part of the brain is associated with 'deja' vu?
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Amygdala
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In addition to déjà vu with amygdala what is also associated?
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Olfactory sensation
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If damage to the amygdala, what are the four damages?
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Tameness, psychic blindness, hyperoral and hypersexual responses
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Define: Unable to recognize the meaning of objects by sight?
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psychic blindness
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Collectively damage to the amygdala (4 damages) is referred to?
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Kluver-Buver Syndrome
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What damage is associated with Urbach-Wiethe Syndrome?
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Bilateral calcification of Amygdala
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What are two characteristics of Urbach-Wiethe syndrome?
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Unable to read emotions and unfearful of danger
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Besides the hippocampus, and the amygdala what is another part of the limbic system?
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Nucleus accumbens
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Besides the septal region what other area is associated with pleasure?
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Nucleus accumbens
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Where are the nucleus basalis of Meynert located?
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Substantia innominata
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Where are the receptors and cell bodies of the olfactory nerves located?
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In the olfactory mucosa
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True/False: The olfactory tract and olfactory nerve are the same.
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FALSE
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What borders the olfactory trigone?
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medial and lateral olfactory stria and the anterior posterior perforated substance
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What regions receive input from the olfactory tract?
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Amygdala and entorhinal cortex
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The parahippocampal gyrus contains two subparts, what are they?
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entorhinal cortex and the piriform
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Where does the fornix arise from?
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The fimbriae of the hippocampus
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What are the septal nuclei associated with?
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Columns of the fornix
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What fiber bundle leaves the amygdala to go to the hypothalamis?
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Stria terminalis
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What is the clinical importance of the substantia innominata?
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Generates acetylcholine for the brain. Degenerates in Alzheimer's
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What forms a shell around the globus pallidus?
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Putamen
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What structure separates always the dentate gyrus from the subiculum?
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Hippocampal fissure
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Where does the stria medullaris come from?
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Septal region
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What is the input layer of the dentate?
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Granular cell layer (dark staining C shaped).
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What functions are associated with the paez circuit?
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memory and emotional expression
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Where do the cells of the granule layer of the dentate nucleus project
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What is the clinical syndrome characterized by a lack of a sense of smell coupled with reproductive dysfunction.?
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Kallmann syndrome
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What integrates information about the environment (functions of the association cortex) with the autonomic nervous system (functions of the hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum).
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Limbic system
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What connects the mitral cells's axons from the olfactory tract to the primary olfactory cortex and amygdala?
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Lateral olfactory stria.
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True/False: The Olfactory information projects first to the thalamus which sends the information to the cortex.
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False; Olfactory information projects to the cortex without synapsing first in the thalamus.
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Where does the primary olfactory cortex and amygdala project to?
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Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus (DM)
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Where does the dorsal medial (DM) thalamic nucleus project to?
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Orbitofrontal cortex
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What two parts of the gross brain compose the limbic system?
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Telencephalic and diencephalic structures
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What are the three components of the limbic lobe?
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cingulate, subcallosal (SC), & parahippocampal gyri
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What are the three components of the subcortical centers associated with the limbic system?
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Amygdala, septal nuclei, & basal forebrain
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Wjat are the two components of the diencephalic nuclei?
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anterior thalamus and mammillary bodies
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What are the three layers of the dentate gyrus?
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Outer molecular layer, intermediate cell layter (granule cell layer), inner polymorphic layer
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True/False, the hippocampus proper, the dentate nucleus and the subiculum have three layers.
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TRUE
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What converts short-term memories into long-term memories?
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Hippocampus
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List in order, the components of the papez circuit.
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Cingulate cortex (1) to Hippocampus (2) to mammillary bodies (3) to anterior thalamus (4)
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What complex is a small aggregation of nuclei ventrolateral to the septum pellucidum and deep to the subcallosal cortex?
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Septal complex
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What functions to label sensory stimuli as pleasurable or positive?
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Septum
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What are the three afferent connections received by the septal nuclei?
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Fornix (high processed sensory information from the hippocampus), amgydala (via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and stria terminalis), and medail forebrain bundle (info from hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum)
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What are the three efferent connections of the septal nuclei?
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Hippocampus (via fornix), hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum (via the medial forebrain bundle), habenula (via the stria medullaris thalami)
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What is a collection of nuclei in the dorsomedial temporal lobe anterior to the hippocampus and the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle it lies deep to the uncus?
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Amygdala
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Where is the lesion when a patient displays hyperemotional states and impaired learning expsecially perseveration?
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Septal region
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Define: Reptition of incorrect response.
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Perseveration
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What structus is involved with focusing attention and in labeling stimuli as negative or harmful?
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amygdala
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True/False; the Amygdala does NOT receive direct olfactory information.
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False; The amygdala receives direct olfactory information
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What are the four characteristics of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (associated with a lesion of the amygdala)?
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Tameness, psychic blindness, hyperoral and hypersexual responses
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What causes Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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Amydala lesions
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What is located at the ventral striatum at junction of head of caudate and putamen?
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Nucleus accumbens
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What structure has a role in drug and alcohol addiction?
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Nucleus accumbens
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What structure is located ventral to anterior commissure and deep to the anterior perforated substance?
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Basal forebrain
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What superstructure is the substantia innominata a part of?
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Basal forebrain.
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Name one group of neurons located in the substantia innominata?
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Nucleus basalis of Meynert.
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