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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What system functions to exectue voluntary movement?
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Corticospinal system
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What system functions for postural control & coordination of voluntary movements?
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Cerebellum
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Where is the lesion which is characterized by loss of coordination/improper timing and precision
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Postural control & coordination of voluntary movements
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A lesion characterized by a loss of coordination/improper timing & precision of movements located?
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Cerebellum
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What area of the brain functions to provide motor complexity, flexibility and adaptation?
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Basal Ganglia
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Where is the lesion when it is characterized by impaired motor flexbility & complexity; dyskinesia/poverty of movement?
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Basal Ganglia
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Define: Unwanted movements.
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dyskinesia
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What system is integrated & translating complex learned movements into automatic movements in resonse to motivation/emotion/ideas?
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Basal Ganglia
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What are the two components of the Basal Ganglia?
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Corpus Striatum and Amygdala
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What are the two components of the corpus striatum?
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Striatum and Pallidum
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What are the two components of the striatum?
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Caudate and Putamen
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What are the two components of the pallidum?
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Medial pallidal segment and lateral pallidal segment
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What two components of the brain are not really part of the basal ganglia but are functionally related?
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Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
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What are the functional subdivisions of the Basal Ganglia?
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Input nuclei
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What are the two input nuclei?
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Caudate and Putamen
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What are the two output nuclei?
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Medial pallidal segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)
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Where do the output nuclie project to?
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VA-VLa Thalamic nuclei
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What are the two major pathways associated with the Basal Ganglia?
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Direct (facilitate movements) and indirect (suppress movements)
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What is the function of the direct basal ganglia pathway?
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Facilitate movements
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What is the function of the indirect basal ganglia pathway?
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Inhibit movements
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Where do the neurons from the striatum directly innervate?
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SNr and MPS
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In addition to the MPS and SNr where also does the striatum project?
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LPS
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Where does the LPS project to?
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Subthalamic nuclei
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What does the subthalamic (indirect) and the striatum (direct) project to?
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VA-VLa Thalamic nuclei
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Where does the VA-VL a Thalamic nuclei project to?
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Supplementary motor cortex
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Where does the supplementary motor cortex project to?
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Descending motor systmes (corticospinal and corticoreticular)
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What region of the caudate is superior to the thalamus?
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Body of the caudate
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What merges with the head of the caudate?
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Putamen
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What are the two main classes of neurons in the striatum?
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Spiny striatal and aspiny striatal
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What is the morphology of the spiny striatal neurons?
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Spiny dendrites, long axons
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What is the morphology of the aspiny striatal neurons?
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Aspiny dendrites, short axons
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Spiny/Aspiny: Receives striatal afferents and its efferents project outside striatum.
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Spiny
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Spiny/Aspiny: "Local" interneurons-Do not project outside striatum
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Aspiny
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What two neurotransmitters are present in spiny neurons?
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GABA/substance P and GABA/Enkephalin
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What neurotransmitters are present in aspiny neurons?
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Acetycholine and others (know acetylcholine)
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What are the five afferent areas of the putamen?
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Dorsal raphe, amygdala, SNc, CC and the Thalamus (CM-pf)
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What is the neurotransmitter of the cerebral cortex which projects on the caudate and putamen?
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Glutamate
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What is the neurotranmitter of the substantia nigra, pars compacta which projects on the caudate & putamen?
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Dopamine
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What is the neurotransmitter of the dorsal raphe which projects on the caudate & putamen?
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Serotonin
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What is the neurotransmitter of the putamen when it the spiny neurons pojfect on the LPS (indirect)?
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GABA/Enkephalin
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What is the neurotransmitter of the putamen when its spiny neurons on the MPS and SNr (direct)?
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GABA/Substance P
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What is the neurotransmitter of the Subthalamic neurons as it projects onto the MPS and LPS?
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Glutamate (excitatory)
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As part of the direct pathway, neurons from the LPS which project on the STN has what neurotransmitter?
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GABA
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As part of the indirect pathway, neurons from the MPS
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The outer or the inner part of the MPS give rise to the ansa lenticularis?
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Outer parter
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What is the neurotransmitter for the ansa lenticularis?
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GABA
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What gives rise to the lenticular fasciculus?
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Inner part of the Medial Pallidal segment
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What is the neurotransmitter of both ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus?
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GABA (inhibitory)
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What three fibers run through the prerubral area?
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Cerebello-thalamic fibers from "GED" in Superior Cerebellar peduncle, lenticular fasiculus, and ansa lenticularis
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Where are the three places that the thalamic fasciculus run to?
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VA, VL & CM
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What three fibers make up the thalamic fasciculus?
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Cerebello-thalamic fibers from "GED" in Superior Cerebellar peduncle, lenticular fasiculus, and ansa lenticularis
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Where does th MPS outer part project to (via the ansa lenticularis)?
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VA, VL a & CM
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Where does the MPS inner part project to?
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VA, VL a & CM
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What is the neurotranmitter of the cerebral cortex which projects to the striatum?
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Glutamate
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In the direct pathway, where does the striatum project to?
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SNr and MPS
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What is the neurotranmitter between Striatum and SNr and MPS?
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GABA/substance P
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What process exists between Striatum and VA-VL(a) thalamic nucleus?
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disinhibition
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List the pathway of the indirect basal ganglia pathway.
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Cerebral cortex, striatum, LPS, Subthalamic nucleus, SNr & MPS
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What is the prime difference between the indirect pathway and the direct pathway?
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In the indirect pathway, disinhibition results earlier effectively inhibiting the motor pathway because it increases the effects of SNr and MPS.
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List the pathway of the direct basal ganglia.
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Striatum to the SNr and MPS to the VA/VL a to the supplementary motor cortex descending corticospinal and corticoreticular pathways
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True/False; the substantia nigra, pars compacta dopaminergic pathway projects to both the GABA/substance P and GABA/enkephalin spiny neurons in the striatum
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TRUE
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What is the effect of dopamine on GABA/substance P spiny cells?
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Facilitates release which increases the direct pathway
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What is the effect of dopamine on the direct pathway?
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It increases the direct pathway and decreases the indirect pathway.
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What is the hypokinetic model of basal ganglia model?
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Loss of dopamine, partial loss of direct pathway.
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What is the hyperkinetic model of basal ganglia model?
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Damage to the indirect pathway resulting in dyskinesia
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List four types of basal ganglia distrubrances.
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Resting temor, chorea, athetosis, ballism
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Define: dance-like movements; face & limbs; resemble fidgeting.
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Chorea
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Define: writhing, vermicular movements, ; flow into one another.
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Athetosis
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Define: forecful, flinging movements; chiefly proximal extremities.
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Ballism
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List two types of hypertonia.
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Rigidity and dystonia
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Define: sustained contracitons, twisting and increase with action.
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Dystonia
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What is another term for poverty of movement?
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Akinesia or bradykinesia
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What is the difference in tremors between cerebellar and Parkinson's?
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Cerebellar has an intention tremor and parkinson's has a resting tremor
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What are the three cuases of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease?
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Loss of dopamine, destruction of nigrastriatal pathway, loss of dopamine neurons in other CNS locations
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List four drug types of Parkinson's disease.
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L-dopa, anticholinergic drugs, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and dopamine agonists
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List three strategies for surgical therapy of Parkinson's.
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Pallidotomy (MPS), thalamotomy (VA/VL), Transplantation of dopaminergic neurons from fetal brains.
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What are the four primary signs of Huntington's disease?
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Chorea, dementia, hypotonia, behavior changes
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What is the most important neurodegeneration of Huntington's disease?
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Loss of GABA/Enkephalin link between Striatum and LPS
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What is the region underneath the septum pellucidum?
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Septum
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Where does the stria medullaris thalami originate?
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The septum
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What structure is underneath the anterior commissure?
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Substantia innominata
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What is the function of the substantia innominata?
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Production of almost all of the cerebral cortex's acetylcholine
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What structure is deep to the uncus?
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Amygdala
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Besides the septum what structure is located bilaterally inferior to the septum pellucidum?
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Column of the fornix
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True/False: the anterior commissure is always outside the brain?
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False, the optic tract is always outside the brain
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Amygdala is located in which lobe?
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Temporal lobe
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Which is more lateral, the tail of the caudate or the lateral geniculate body?
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The tail of the caudate
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Organize these four fascicles: Ansa lenticularis, lenticularis fasiculus, cerebellothalamic tract, and thalamic fasciculus
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First three join in the prerubral area and then give rise to the thalamic fasciculus
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Do choline acetyltransferase neurons influence the activity of the direct or indirect pathways?
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Indirect
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What is the amygdala deep to?
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Substantia innominata
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A lesion of the subthalamic nucleus is associated with what inovluntary movement disorder?
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Huntington disease (results in a decrease in disinhibition)
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What portion of the corpus striatum projects to the subthalamic nucleus?
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LPS
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What three fiber bundles form the thalamic fasciculus?
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Ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus and the cerebellothalamic tract
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What is the name of the region where the three sets of fibers which form the thalamic fasciculus meet?
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Prerubral region.
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Which thalamic nuclei receive pallidal efferents?
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VA and VLa
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Where in the pallidum do efferents that course through the internal capsule arise?
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Internal medial pallidal segment
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Where in the apllidum do efferetns that curve around (uner) the internal capsule originate?
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Outer Medial pallidal segment
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What type of striatal neuron gives rise to pallidal efferents?
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Spiny
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Which deep cerebellar nuclei give rise to the cerebellar efferents in the thalamic fasciculus?
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Globose, emboliiform, and dentate
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Doe the GED project to the ipsilateral or contralateral thalamus?
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Contralateral
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What fiber tract does the GED utilize in their course ot the prerubral field?
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Cerebrothalamic tract
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Parkinsons's disease causes a decreased function of which basal ganglia pathway, direct or indirect?
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Direct
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Huntington's disease causes a decreased function of which basal ganglia pathway?
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Indirect
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What is the function of D1 receptors on the spiny neurons of the striatum which release GABA/Substance P?
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Increase activity thereby increasing disinhibiton which facilitates movement
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What is the neurotransmitter synthesized by the cells of the pars compacta portion?
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Dopamine
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What is the chief targe of the pars compacta neuron?
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Striatum spiny
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What is the neurotransmitter of the pars reticulata Neurons?
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GABA
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What is the chief target of projections from the pars reticulata neurons?
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VA and VLa
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What is the function of the corticospinal system?
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Execution of voluntary movement
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What does a lesion of the corticospinal system produce?
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Spastic paralysis
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What dos lesion of the cerebellum produce?
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Loss of coordination and improper timing and precision of movement
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What structure functions for postural control & coordination of voluntary movement?
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Cerebellum
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What structure controls motor complexity an dflexibility by providing the ability to alter routine, automatic movements?
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Basal gnaglia
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What is concerned with altering routine, automatic movements in response to needs or motivation?
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Basal Ganglia
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What structure is lesioned when motor flexibility and complexity is impaired but not automatic movements?
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Basal ganglia
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What are the two major anatomical divisions of the basal ganglia?
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Corpus Striatum and Amygdala
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What are the two functional divisions of the basal ganglia?
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Input and output nuclei
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What are the two output nuclei of the Basal Ganglia?
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MPS and SNr
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What does the input nuclei of Basal ganglia consist of?
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Striatum (caudate & putamen)
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The direct basal ganglia pathway facilitates/suppresses movement?
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Facilitates movement
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What part of the basal ganglia consists of a head, body and tail, is C-shaped and is associated with atnerior horn, body and inferior horn of lateral ventricle.
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Caudate
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What part of the basal ganglia forms the outer portion of the wedge shaped lentiform nucleus.
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Putamen
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The neostriatum corresponds with what part of the corpus striatum?
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Striatum
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The paleostriatum corresponds with what part of the corpus striatum?
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Pallidum
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The archistriatum corresponds with what structure of the basal ganglia?
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Amygdala
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What are the five many afferent connections of the striatum?
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All regions of cerebral cortex, Thalamus (CM-Pf), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), amygdala, dorsal nucleus of the raphe
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What is target of the direct efferent connection of the striatum?
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MPS and SNr
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What is the target of the indirect efferent connection of the striatum?
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LPS
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True/False: MPS consists of inner and outer parts
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TRUE
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What are the two afferent sources for the globus pallidus (pallidum)?
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Striatum, subthalamic nucleus (STN)
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What are the two (four) efferent connections of the globus pallidus?
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VA/VL a/CM, STN
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What are the three main efferent pathways of the globus pallidus?
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MPS outer part, MPS inner part, LPS
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Describe the MPS outer part efferent connection.
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Ansa lenticularis--->prerubral field--->thalamic fasciculus
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Describe the MPS inner part efferent connection.
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lenticular fasciculus ---->prerubral field---->thalamic fasciculus
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True/False: both the MPS outer part and MPS inner part share the last two legs of their pathway.
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True (last two are ----> prerubral field---->thalamic fasciculus
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What is the target of the both the MPS outer part and MPS inner part?
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VA, VLa, CM
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True/False: the efferent pathway of MPS (both outer and inner) releases acetylcholine while LPS releases GABA.
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False, all three efferent connections of the Globus pallidus use GABA
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Describe the disinhibiton of the VA/VL thalamus by the cerebral cortex in the direct pathway.
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Cerebral cortex release glutamate which exites the striatum causing it to release inhibitory GABA/substance P which inhibits SNr & MPS release of inhibitory GABA resulting in decreased VA/VL thalamus
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Describe the inhibition of the VA/VL thalamus by the cerebral cortex in the indirect pathway.
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Cerebral cortex releases glutamate which excites the striatum cuasing it to release GABA/enkephalin which inhibits LPS from releasing inhibitory GABA onto STN results in increased excitatory glutamate on SNr & MPS which results in increased release of GABA onto the VA/VL thalamus
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What is the net effect of the indirect pathway?
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Activity of the descending motor pathways is suppressed.
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What are the three ypes of striatal neurons which are effected by local levels of dopamine?
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Spiny neurons that release GABA substance P (direct), spiny neurons that release GABA-enkephain (indirect), aspiny neurons that release Acetylcholine (ACH)
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D1 receptors are located on which type of spiny striatal neurons?
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GABA-Substance P spiny neurons
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D2 receptors are located on which type of spiny striatal neurons?
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GABA-enkephalin spiny neurons (indirect)
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What is the effect of the D1 receptors on the GABA-Substance P spiny neurons?
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Increases activity
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What is the effect of dopamine on the D2 receptors on the GABA-enkephalin neurons?
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Decreases activity
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Overall what is the effect of dopamine on the basal ganglia?
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Increases activity
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What is the effect of dopamine on toncally active Ach spiny neurons?
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Inhibits
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What is the effect of the Ach neurons on GABA-enkephalin neurons (indirect)?
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Excite them resulting in reduction of movement
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What is the neurotransmitter of the striatum direct pathway?
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GABA/substance P
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What is the neurotransmitter of Striatum indirect pathway?
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GABA/Enkephalin
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What is the neurotransmitter of the cerebral cortex which projects on the striatum?
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Glutamate
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What is the neurotransmitter for SNc?
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Dopamine
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What is the neurotransmitter for LP which projects to the Subthalamic nucleus (STN)?
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GABA
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What is the neurotransmitter for the STN projecting onto the SNr and MPS?
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Glutamate
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What is the neurotransmitter for the SNr & MPS which projects onto the VA/VL thalamus?
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GABA
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Where does the VA/VL thalamus project?
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Supplementary motor cortex
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What are the two clinical signs for motor disorders?
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Motor deficits, dyskinesia
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Define: negative symptoms (loss of movement) & are related to loss of specific neurons by disease.
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Motor deficits
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Define: postivie symptoms due to release phenomenon= release or disinhibiton of activity of undamaged parts of motor system occurs when the controlling input (usually inhibitory) is destroyed?
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Dyskinesia or abnormal involuntary movements
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List four types of dyskinesia.
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Resting tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballism
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Define: Slow vermicular movements, movements that flow into one another
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Athetosis
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Define: Forceful flinging movements, chiely the proximal extermities
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Ballism
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Define: 3-8 cps, alternate contraction of flexors/extensors type of dyskinesia.
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Resting tremor
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Define: Dance-like , graceful movments, never combined into a coordinated act.
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Chorea
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What are the two types of muscle tone alterations?
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Hypertonia, hypotonia
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Define: a general increase in muscle tone that affects flexors and extensors, it is lead piep or cogwheel.
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Rigidity
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What is characterized by sustained contractions that are typically twisting in nature and increase with action?
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Dystonia
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What are the two models of basal ganglia disorders?
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Hypokinetic model, hyperkinetic model
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Which basal ganglia disorder model: loss of dopamin neurons results in a reduction in the transmisison through the direct pathway and its effect is to increase output of MPS & SNr leading to tonic inhibitoy of thalamocortical neurons and reduced input to SMA for initiating movements.
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Hypokinetic model
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Choreiform and ballistic dyskinesias of Huntington's disease & hemiballism are examples of which model of basal ganglia disturbances.
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Hyperkinetic model
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What model of basal ganglia disorders are the bradykinesia and loss of postural reflexes associated with Parkinson's disesase?
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Hypokinetic model
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What model of basal ganglia disorders is characterized by STN destruction(hemiballism) or loss of GABA/ENK striatal neurons(huntingon's) projecting to LPS resulting in decreased activity in indirect pathway. The effect is to decrease the inhibitory outlowo from MPS & SNr and cause excessive disinhibition of thalamocortical projections leading to hyperkinetic movements associated wtih excessive positive feedback to motor cortex from SMA.
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Hyperkinetic model
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What was found to be a toxic contaminant produced by improper synthesis of a synthetic heroin-like compound resulting in rigidity, akinesia, termor and bent posture?
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MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine)
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What is the biologically active form of MPTP?
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MPP (1-methyl-4phenylpyridinium) by monoamine oxidase
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What prevents the conversion of MPTP to MPP?
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L-deprenyl (monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
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What are the three major diseases associated with the basal ganglia?
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Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Ballism or hemiballism
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What disease is characterized by loss of pigmented neurons in substantia nigra, pars compacta and resultant degneration of nigra-striatal pathway?
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Parkinson's disease
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What disease is characterized by loss of GABA-ENK neurons projecting to LPS, atrophy of caudate & putamen, cortical atrophy and loss of Ach aspiny neurons?
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Huntington's disease
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What disease is characterized by a vascular lesion in the subthalamic nucleus?
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Ballism or Hemiballism
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What disease is characterized by very little dopamine with a resultant decrease in substance P?
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Parkinson's disease
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What disease is characterized by a decrease in GABA-ENK and a decrease in ChAT (synthesizing enzyme for AC h)?
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Huntington's disease
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What disease is characterized by a decrease in glutamate in the STN and its projections to MPS, SNr and LPS?
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Ballism or Hemiballism
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What disease has clinical signs of resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia(poverty of movement) and impaired postural reflexes?
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Parkinson's disease
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What disease has clinical signs of autosomal dominant with a single gene defect, choreiform movements, hypotonia, dementia, behavior changes-depression, moodiness, suicidal?
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Huntington's disease
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What disease has clinical signs of violent, flinging movements, especially in the proximal extremities?
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Ballism or Hemiballism
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What disease is treated with L-Dopa, MAO inhibitors, Fetal dopamin transplants, dopamine agonists, neurosurgery (pallidotomy, thalamotomy)?
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Parkinson's disease
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What disease is treated with D2 antagonists blocks D2 receptors and produces less inhibition of the indirect pathway and reserpine which depletes dopamine?
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Huntington's disease
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