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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: the number of oscillations occuring at a particular point in space per unit time.
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Frequency
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What is the difference between mean pressure and the peak pressure?
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Amplitude
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Give the equation for decibels.
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dB= 20 * log (measured pressure/reference pressure)
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What is the reference pressure for dB measurements?
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0.0002 dynes/cm2
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What part of the external ear:
collects sound waves conducts them to the external auditory meatus selectively amplifies sound waves depending on their frequency and location in space? |
Auricle
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What part of the external ear:
Has mechanical dimensions that act as a resonating champer that amplifies (~ 10 dB) Selectively filters the sound in the 2-5 kHz range? |
External auditory meatus
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At what ranges are humans most sensitive to?
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2-5 kHz
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What will loss of the auricle produce?
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Compromised sound location and some hearing loss at these frequencies
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What is the approximate frequency ranges of human speech?
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2-5 kHz
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What transfers airborne acoustic energy from air to fluid without the loss of energy normally occurring at an air/liquid interface?
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Middle ear
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What are the two mechanical processes which amplify a low pressure airborne sound wave into a high pressure fluid borne wave? The ossicles do this function.
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Surface area reduction (from the tympanic membrane to the smaller diameter oval window)
Lever & piston action of the ossicles |
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What is the approximate amplification of the sound signal into fluid?
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Approximately 18:1.
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What is the function of the two muscles which attach to the malleus and stapes?
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Tensor tympani and stapedius attentuate ossicle movement
decrease the loudness of sound reaching the internal ear |
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What are the two muscles of the middle ear?
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Tensor tympani
Stapedius |
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Why don't the two muscles of the middle ear protect against gunshots or thunder?
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The reflex contraction has a latency which is too long to protect against any impulse stimuli
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Describe a normal Weber test.
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A tuning fork is applied to the middle of the forehead in a patient and with normal hearing sound is perceived as coming from the center of the head (no lateralization).
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What are the two types of hearing loss?
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sensorineural
Conductive |
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In unilateral conductive hearing loss, what is the result of the Weber test?
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The sound is perceived as lateralizing to the deaf ear
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In a unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (such as damaged hair cells or auditory nerve damage) where is the tone head from?
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The non deaf ear
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What part of the ear transduces sound presure (in the form of a liquid wave) into neural signals?
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Internal ear
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Which scala contains the oval window?
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The scala vestibuli
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What is the effect of sound waves on the basilar membrane and organ of corti?
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It deflects both
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What underlying structure's movement results in the stimulation of the hair cells of the organ of Corti?
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Basilar membrane
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What cells transduces mechanical pressure oscillations into neural signals?
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Hair cells
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Describe how the basilar membrane changes from the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema.
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Near the base of the cochlea, the membrane is narrow and stiff becoming wider and more flexible near the helicotrema.
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What determines the location of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane?
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The sound's frequency
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Where is the location of maximum displacement found for low pitched sounds?
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Near the base of the cochlea
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What is the place theory of frequency discrimination?
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Hair cells located at the site of maximum displacement are stimulate the most. Axons of the cochlear nerve that innervate these particular hiar cells wil produce the ighest number of action potentials.
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Describe the tuning process by the outer hair cells.
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The firing threshold decreases rapidly as the frequency moves away from the activating frequency.
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Describe the temporal theory of frequency discrimination.
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Whole membrane moves up which causes firing all the way up and down the membrane in response to lower frequency sounds. The CNS uses the time between bursts of APs to determine frequency.
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How does increasing sound amplitude affect the firing rates of stimulated hair cell afferents?
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It increases them
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What is the "shooter's notch"
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Audiograms from individuals exposed to the sounds produced from weapon's fire tend to have hearing deficits at specific frequencies because of hair cell damage.
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What are subjective epxeriences described by a listener that are related to measurable physical properties of the sound (such as Loudness, Pitch, Timbre). These measurable experiences occur only when sounds are above the detection threshold.
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Psychoacoustics
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Define: the minimum sound pressure levle (amount of acoustic energy measured in dB SPG) necessary for perception.
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Detection threshold
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True/False: The detection threshold is similar across all frequencies.
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False. It varies based on frequencies.
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What is the range of normal human hearing?
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20 Hz to 20 kHz
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Where is the lowest detection threshold?
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Between 3 and 5 kHz
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At what frequency is the detection threshold negative 3 to 5 dB?
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At around 4 Hz
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What is the subjective experience of the amount of energy in a sound?
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Loudness
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What is the subjective experience of the frequency of a sound?
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Pitch
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What can affect pitch perception at a given sound frequency?
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Loudness
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What can affect the perceived loudness at a given sound pressure level?
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Pitch
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What is the quality of sound that distinguished one sound from another sound of the same pitch and volume?
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Timbre
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What causes timbre?
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Complex sounds composed of multiple frequencies
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How are complex sounds sources (voices versus instrument) determined?
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By the relative magnitudes of the different frequencies. The ear separates them along the basilar membrane.
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What is Presbyacusis?
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Hearing loss due to aging
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What are some types of damage resulting in sensorineural damage?
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Sheared hair cells off pivot points with hair cell body
Fuse to impede movement--pronounced deficits at certain frequencies |
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Where does age related changes occur chiefly at?
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Near the cochlea's base where high frequencies are perceived
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What are ototoxic drugs?
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Certain antibiotics that damage hair cells directly
Drugs that affect K + pumping cells of stria vascularis resulting in transduction process is lost. |
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The external jugular vein usually drains into what vein?
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Subclavian vein
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What structures coures through the parotid gland and how are they placed from lateral (superficial to medial (deep)? four items.
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Parotid plexus of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Retromandibular vein ICA Parotid lymph nodes |
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What are the two terminal branches of the External carotid artery?
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Maxillary
Superficial temporal (Divides in the parotid gland) |
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What nerves provide sensory innervation to the face?
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Only the Trigeminal nerve
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What artery courses above and parallel to the parotid duct?
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Transverse facial artery
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What nerves course below and parallel to the parotid duct?
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Upper and lower buccal branches of CN VII
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What are the six branches arising from the tw trunks of CN VII?
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Temporal
Zygomatic Upper buccal Lower buccal Marginal mandibular and cervical |
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What ganglion is located within the modiolus?
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Spiral ganglion
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Which scala begins at the oval window?
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Scala vestibuli
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What is the name of opening that connects the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?
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Helicotrema
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What type of movement does the cristae ampullari detect?
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Change in angular momentum
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