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272 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas 1494?
Agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing heathen lands of New World - Brazil became a Portugues colony, Spain claim on Americas
What are the Spanish Adventurers called?
Conquistadores
Who was the first European to see Pacific Ocean - 1513?
de Balboa
Who explored Florida for gold and fountain of youth; died by an indian arrow - declared govenor of Florida by Spain?
Ponce De Leoon
Who was mistaken for a god by Aztecs in Mexico - destroyed Aztecs? great wealth - Montezuma the chief treated Cortez well
Cortes
Who led expeditition through the Gulf Coast? - only 400 made it
Navarez
Who discovered Mississippi river..he mistreated Indians with iron collars and fierce dogs...died of fever and wounds?
de Soto
Who was the first European to see the Grand Canyon & Colorado river - led expedition through NM, AZ Tex, OK and KS - was looking for the fabled 7 cities of cibola?
Coronado
What was the Indian slave system used by Spaniards?
encomienda then went to haciendas
Who was the Englsh nobleman who found fools gold in Canada, attempted to found a colony in Newfoundland but was lost at sea?
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Who set up first colony and called it Virginia after Virgin Queen Elizabeth - didn't last Also tried to set up a colony in Roanoke but it failed because they never got supplies?
Sir Walter Raleigh
Who was the first English child born in America?
Virginia Dare
What were the two Joint stock companies that funded and began colonies?
Virginia Company of London and VC of Plymouth -(failed)
What was the first permanent English settlement in North America? Began by Virginia company of London 1607 -
Jamestown
Who was the powerful local Indian chief who was hostile toward Jamestown?
Powhatan
Who helped save the Jamestown colony using military organization? "He who works not eats not" Powhattan was impressed with him
John Smith
Who discovered and tobacco strain in Virginia - major cash crop
Key to the colony survival? Also married Pocohantas (daughter of chief)
John Rolfe
What was the indenture system?
Britian poor agreed to work for transportation to America - mistreated!
What was the House of Burgesses?
First representative assembly in America giving rights had in England. It allowed the settlers to choose delegates to advise the governor, and from these beginnings sprang a new pattern of representative self-government in America.
Who were the first French explorers of America?
Cartier & Champlain & Marquette
Who discovered Hudson river - sent by Holland, New Netherlands established fur trading?
Henry Hudson
Led the Mayflower which landed at cape cod in Mass
William Bradford
What was the mayflower compact?
Pilgrims signed signed agreement for a an orderly government. First written laws. Later made Carver governor and then after he died Bradford
Who were the Separatists?
Extreme puritans that believed the Church of england was beyond saving and therefore they needed to separate - they went to Holland and then to the New World
Who were the Puritans?
Believed in calvinism (heaven and hell) & predestination - didn't want to follow the anglican or catholic rituals. Conformed to the Elders. Protestant work ethic, self government, education, only visible saints were true members of the church
Who enforced navigation acts, issued proclamation of 1763, sugar act, quartering act, stamp act, currency act?
George Grenville
can't settle west of the crest of applachians - tried to keep indians happy
proclamation of 1763
indian chief killed lots of settlers
pontiac
What was the sugar act/revenue act?
taxes on good imported by the Americans
What is the Quartering act?
Grenville's act that required colonies to pay for the maintenance of British army
Who were the Sons of Liberty?
Samuel Adams and James Otis organized resistance to the all the taxation imposed by Grenville
Introduced 7 resolutions denouncing the stamp act
Patrick Henry
Taxes on imports brought on by Charles Townshend were eventually repealed except on Tea -including glass, lead, paints, paper, silk, and tea.
Townshend Act
Rhode islander disguised as Indians raid a British ship in response to all the taxes and ill feelings toward
Gaspee
In 1773, parliament passed an act to let the British tea company bypass wholesalers to sell directly to colonies - colonists didn't like not be included in decision so protested
The Tea Act
disguised as Indians went on the ship and threw the tea overboard
Boston Tea Party
crushed the incas in 1532
Pizzaro
It allowed the governemtn to give, Indians to cerain colonistes in returen or th eprmise to tor to Christianize them. ( Slavery)
encomienda
A distinct blend o cultures of Indian and european heritae aet Cortez defeated the Aztecs
Mestizos
The first to navigate the globe
Magellan
What was the tea act of 1773?
The British East India company (because they were going bankrupt) got the parlimant to allow shipping directly to colonies. The result would be that east india tea with the tax , would be cheaper than smuggled dutch tea.
What is the Boston Tea party ?
December 1773 Bostonians dressed as Indians boarded the ship and threw the tea overboard in protest of the tea act - the protest just started with the colonists at the port not letting the tea come off the ship - this was one of other type of protests
What are the intolerable acts?
Both the coercive acts and quebec act. Four acts called the coercive acts - close port until citizens paid for lost tea, increase power of gov., trial of royal officals elsewhere , quartering act
What is the Quebec act?
extended province of Quebec & canadian border to OH river valley- roman catholisism official religion - denied Quebec a representative assembly
Sept 1774 due to coercive acts
First continental congress
riders that let the americans know that british troops were coming led by General Gage
paul revere and William Dawes
Bloodiest battle of the war June 1775
Battle at Bunker hill
May 1775 - tried to deal with the difficult situtations facing the colonies - sent George Washington
Second Continental congress
Wrote Common Sense calling for independence?
Thomas Paine -Paine declared that King George was a “Royal Brute” "an island should not rule a continent"
The king decleared colonies in rebellion and no longer under protection
Prohibitory Act
Thomas Jefferson 7/4/76
Declaration of Independence
introduced resolutions calling for independence which led to development of D of I and proposal for govt.
Richard Lee
What were the Hessians?
German troops hired by Britain

German troops hired by England - defeated by Washington on Christmas night 1776 - they crossed the Deleware
Defeated Washington trough New York - washington's troops ended up in Penn.
General Howe, Admiral Howe and General Cornwallis
Americans defeated the Burgoyne at Saratoga which led the spanish dutch and french to join against England
General Burgoyne & Saratoga
most famous naval leaders - helped with the war at sea with Britain
John Paul Jones
First statement recognizing the US as an independent nation
Treaty of Paris 1783
goverment has the power wot make war, maker treaties, determin troops and money each state would have, admit new states to union
Articles of confederation
OPened the Widlerness Road to Kentucky and Tennessee
Daniel Boone
What is the Shay's rebellion?
Shut down courts to prevent judges form seizing property or sending people to debtors prison -hard financial times (armed insurrection by farmers in W Massachusetts against the state government. Debt-ridden farmers, struck by the economic depression that followed the American Revolution, petitioned the state senate to issue paper money and to halt foreclosure of mortgages on their property and their own imprisonment for debt as a result of high land taxes.) Big push for stronger central govt.
What was the Boston Massacre?
5 bostonians were killed by britsh soldiers who were guarding a customs house (started with snowballs and escalated) feelings were on edge due to the Townshend duties - John adams led the the defense of British soldiers ON that day the duties were eliminated except on tea
father of the constitution
madison
exec branch with 2 houses of congress based on population
Virginia plan
states have equal representation as opposed to population as in Virginia plan
New Jersey Plan
What was the Great Compromise?
Proposed by Roger Sherman - a bicameral legislature would combine elements of both Virginia’s and New Jersey’s plans to appease both the small and large states. (House and Senate) It also gave the president power.
What was the 3/5 compromise?
What was the commerce compromise?
Each slave couted as 3/5 of person for population counts

no tax on exports
What was mercantilism?
It advocated that a nation should export more than it imported and accumulate bullion (especially gold) to make up the difference. What Britain wanted
Under the provisions of this legislation, trade with the colonies was to be conducted only in English or colonial ships. Certain "enumerated" items (such as sugar, tobacco and indigo) were to be shipped only within the empire - promoted mercantilism
Navigation act
Conquistator that claimed california for Spain
Cabrillo
a Dominican priest, documented the questionable behavior in A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies. Started the Black Legend of cruelty to Indians
Bartolomé de las Casas
France had him search for a passageway through the New World. Verrazano spotted the coast of South Carolina and sailed north as far as Nova Scotia,
Giovanni da Verrazano
French Protestants moved to the New World and established villages in South Carolina and Florida (St Johns river) which later got taken from spain and called St Augustine
Huguenots—
founded Quebec, France’s first sustained settlement in the New World. called new france - fur trading became focus of france
Samuel de Champlain
A fort, to protect those associated with the mission from hostile Indians or European rivals.
presidio
had marriage annuled after 20 years because didn't get a male heir but then next wife didn't either - daughter Elizabeth
Henry VIII
Captured spanish ships for the England ???
Captain Drake
Puritan Separatists that came to Plymouth Bay - wrote Mayflower compact
Pilgrims
Indian that helped the Pilgrims fish and farm
Squanto
Massive influx of settlers to New England due to turmoil in Britain
thre Great Migration
Set up by Non separatist Puritans - became a strong colony - set up General Court and Freemen "church members" had right to vote
Massachusettes Bay Colony
What were the new england colonies and what was it known for?
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island - fishing, whaling
Massachusetts Bay Colony first governor -His goal was to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind.
John Winthrop
Extereme separtist - was minister of a church in Salem - wanted complete separation of church and state - was banished from bay colony - he belived the Indians had rights over their land - he set up a baptist church in Providence Rhode Island - religous tolerance
Roger Williams
Rebelled against the puritans in the Bay Colony - promoted Grace - was kicked out - went to Rhode Island then New York where she was killed by Indians
Ann Hutchinson
Founded Hartford, along the Connecticut River, in 1635. Helped to draft the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, a type of constitution created for the settlement in 1639. Included democratic control for all citizens not just members of the church
Reverend Thomas Hooker
Erupted when a Massachusetts colonist accused a Pequot Indian of murdering a settler, and conflict erupted between the two groups. Originallythe indians were helping them
the Pequot War
In 1675 they attacked several English villages in the throughout New England -20,000 people were killed in this bloody war. Slowed down the westward movement
Metacom, a Wampanoag Indian called King Philip
Was to bolster colonial defense in the event of war and bring the colonies under tighter royal control by King James I. - Navigation laws- Andros became the president of Dominion - but it ended with King james was overthroned
Dominion of New England
What were the middle colonies and what were they known for?
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware - to develop profitable trading centers. The Dutch were some of the first to settle in this area. Most ethnically diverse.
alot of slaves in New York for Wheat harvests
Who was Henry Hudson? What did he do?
Hired by the Dutch East India Company he sailed along the upper coast of North America, and in 1609 he encountered Delaware Bay and the river named for him. He filed a claim to all of this land for the Dutch. New Netherland Also the dutch bought Manhatton island from indians
Dutch granted to stockholders who promised to have fifty adults living on the estate within four years
patroonships,
How did New Jersey colony come to be?
uke of York conquered New Netherland, he granted the land between the Hudson and the Delaware Rivers to two of his friends, Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley. The new territory was named New Jersey - was divided east and west but then was joined together when it became a royal colony
How did New Jersey come to be?
Whene England took over Holland's New Amsterdam it was renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York
How did the Pennsylvania colony come to be?
In 1681, King Charles II settled the claim with William Penn by granting him proprietary rights to a region north of Maryland and west of the Delaware River. The King named the land Pennsylvania, meaning Penn’s Woods, in honor of Penn’s father. Penn was eager to establish a refuge for fellow Quakers in Pennsylvania.
It was well advertised and grew fast. Also grew due to cottage industries
How did Deleware come to be?
Duke of York granted Penn the colony of Delaware, which was the area between Maryland and the Delaware River. The colony was named after Lord De La Warr, a harsh military governor who came to Virginia in 1610.
What were English middle colonies?
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware -
tended to be urban and were linked by trade and commerce early on; had more ethnic diversity
What were the Chesapeake colonies?
Maryland and Virginia, 60% white 40% black tobacco & wheat
What were the Southern colonies? What were they like?
Georgia and the Carolinas - Very rural - plantations - lots of slaves - agriculture i.e. tobacco, rice, indigo SC had more blacks then whites
Who founded Maryland and for what purpose?
Lord Baltimore for a refuge for English Catholics who were subjected to discrimination in England.
What was the act of toleration?
It was established by Lord Baltimore to guarantee freedom of religion to anyone - to keep Catholics safe
How did the Carolina colony come to be?
Charles II granted Carolina to eight of his allies who became Lord Proprietors of the region. Strong ties to carribean so raised sugar cane and tobacco- brought in lots of African slaves - eventually became north and south
How did Georgia come to be?
Founded by London Philantropists who were concerned about the plight of honest persons who were imprisoned for debt. Their leader, James Oglethorpe.
What did
Englands defeat of the Spanish Armada lead to?
a strong sense of English nationalism and expanded exploration
What was the headright system in Virginia?
led to the importation of indentured servants and slaves, gave land grants to those who sponsored other immigrants, led to the establishment of the plantation system, was supported by the aristocracy
major trading post for shipping slaves built by Portuguese to the Americas.
Elimina
Who was a member of Governor Sir William Berkeley’s council but also a planter whose foreman had been killed in a raid, demanded that the governor commission him to lead a volunteer army against the Indians. Started a civil war
Nathanial Bacon - Bacon's rebellion - reinforced how dangerous a mass of freed indentured servants might prove. Berkely stopped it. Many young single men couldn't acquire land.
What were the slave codes?
Just because you were a Christian didn't mean you couldn't be a slave, a slave child followed the lineage of slave mother, slaves couldn't be taught to read
What was life of Chespeake colonies?
social hierarcy, had to marry, williams and Mary college, separate roles for women and men, hired tutors, church was social, no divorce, high mortality, arranged marriages, horse races,hunting
What was life like for New England?
low mortality, divorce, education, bland food, Harvard, Yale, Brown, Dartmouth, team sports
What is the half way covenant?
This declaration allowed for a new category of members who were converted but did not have full communion rights. In addition, this covenant allowed children of the converted to have church membership even if they had not been baptized. This partial church membership led to greater religious participation, but at the same time weakened the purity of religion. Developed by Puritan ministers
What were the Salemn witch trials?
Women and men accused of witchcraft by the Puritans...until governor's wife was..then nor more trials
What is the Enlightment period?
The Enlightenment, also called The Age of Reason, is described by scholars as an epistemology (a method of thinking and knowing) based on the presumption that the natural world is best understood through the use of close observation by the human faculties coupled with a reliance on reason.
Who were the greatest influences of the Enlightment?
Who believed in the deism - God as a clock maker - made it and left
Locke (Two Treatises of government) and Newton .“Ghost in the Machine.” Rejecting most commonly accepted beliefs of Christianity, great thinkers of the Enlightenment, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Paine
Inventions of Frankly, writings, founded?
He is also credited with the lightning rod, a glass harmonica, and the Franklin stove.
Also wrote Poor Richard's Almanac
University of Pennsylvania
What did the Enlightment period do for America?
Advances in science and the arts, along with increased religious freedom, carried over into modern society. Furthermore, the focus on balance and order set the groundwork for an American governing system that included a balance of power, protected religious liberty, and prevented the establishment of a national church.
What was the Great Awakening?
a series of religious revivals to bring people to the church
Who were the ministers of the great Awakening?
Jonathan Edwards (sinners in the hands of an angry God) and George Whitefield (field preaching - emotional and dramatic) both grew church membership - resulted in denominations
What was the beginning of the French and Indian War?
when the french and huron indians met George Washington and his troops who were heading to Fort Duqesne to stop it
What was Ben Franklyn's Albany Plan of Union?
The plan focused on two issues: developing a colonial force of defense against the French, and self-imposed taxation to pay for that defense.
What was the Seven year war?
It started as the French Indian war but then battles between Britain, France, Spain, and other European powers erupted in the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and Europe.
Britain won the 7 year war but who lost the Battle with Fort Duqesne? Then who eventually took the Fort?
General Braddock

William Pitt - renamed it Pittsburg
What was the French Indian war about? What was the final battle?
It was competition between french and english colonies over the ohio river valley. Each has support of an Indian tribe \ The Battle of Quebec
Who was Chief Pontiac and the Ottowa indians/
Fought against the British but ultimately was given a blanket with chicken pox on it
What was the proclamation of 1763
hich called for a halt to westward expansion beyond the Appalachians. The desired effect of this proclamation was two-fold. First, the Britons hoped to keep the colonists tied more closely to English colonial authorities by confining them to the coast.
What was the navigation acts?
Specific commodities were listed that could be shipped only within the English empire. This was declared by William Pitt in order to help the British debt of maintaining troops
What was the sugar act?
The Parliment placed tariffs on sugar, wine, coffee, and other items imported by the colonies. 1764 Grenville
What was the stamp act?
taxes on all printed materials, including legal papers, playing cards, and newspapers.
Who were the sons of liberty?
Were against the stamp act - staged riots and vandalized the homes of the stamp distributors.
What was the declatory act?
When they got rid of te stamp act they put - it reaffirmed England’s authority to pass any law it desired to bind the colonies and people of America.in place this act
What did Lord Dunmore do?
, the royal governor of Virginia, announced that all slaves willing to bear arms against their “rebel” masters would be given their freedom. By the early 1800s, all the northern states barred slavery, and the federal government prohibited the further importation of slaves.
What was Thomas Jefferson Statute of Religious Liberty?
Led the fight to expand the separation of church and state. 1786, delineated the boundary between religious belief and the right to participate in government:
What was the Despotism of the Peticoat?
Abigail Adams wanted to get rights for women but her husband rejected but it did lead to the important “republican motherhood” responsibility created more educational opportunities for women
What was the first contenental congress?
in 1774 reps from 12 colonies discussed various ideas and drafted resolutions to address colonial grievances - particulary the intolerable acts
What was Gallowat's Plan of the Union?
alled for an American government consisting of a president appointed by the king and a council selected by the colonies. It was defeated.
What was the Suffolk County Resolves?
Paul Revere submitted the Resolves that rejected the Intolerable Acts and called upon Americans to prepare for a British attack.
What were the Declaration of Rights and Resolves?
Drafted by John Adams. Drawing upon the “immutable laws of nature” and rights of Englishmen, the declaration argued that Americans were entitled to legislate for themselves.
What was the Continental Association?
Boycotts of all British goods
Who were the Generals that were to stop the rebellion in Mass before the war began?
William Howe, Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne.
What are minute men?
who were trained to fight on a minute's notice - they attacked the red coats in Lexington
What was Emerson's " a shot heard around the world"?
A shot was fired between the minutemen and the red coats. This was said to be the beginning of the revolutionary war.
What was the second continental congress?
In 1775, representatives from all thirteen colonies met at the State House in Philadelphia. Franklyn, Hancock, Jefferson, Washington
What was the Olive Branch Petition? What was the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms?
Written by John Dickinson it was a proposal to the King to seek a peaceful resolution. It was turned down by King George III
What was the Prohibitory Act?
closing all colonial ports and defining resistance to the Crown as treason
What was the document that moved the colonies toward separaton from England?
Richard Henry Lee introduced to the Continental Congress a resolution: “That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States. (middle colonies were not ready to sign) Eventually adopted by the 2nd continental congress on July 2nd
Who drafted the Declaration of Independence?
Jefferson
What did the preamble include?
Natural rights - life liberty and the pursuit of happiness
When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
July 4th
What was the response when it was learned the Red coats were going to confiscate colonial weapons and gunpowder and capture John Hancock and Sam Adams
Paul Revere and William Dawes on their famous rides to alert the countryside and warn Hancock and Adams that the British were coming.
Who became the comander in chief of the war?
George Washington
What was the Breed's Hill battle (Bunkers Hill)?
1,000 redcoats had fallen, with colonial losses around 400, making it a morale-boosting experience for the newly formed Continental Army.
What were the battles of Trenton and Princeton?
in 1776...Washington crossed the icey Deleware and surprised the Hessians in Trenton who were sleeping of the affects of Christmas rum & in Princeton they defeated Cornwallis
What were the battles of Brandywine and Germantown?
General Howe pushed back Washington and captured Philadelphia - Washinton went to Valley Forge
What was the Treaty of Amity and Commerce? What was the Treaty of Alliance?
Strengthened trade between France and America.

First, if France entered the war, neither country would stop fighting until America won its independence. Second, neither France nor America could conclude peace with Britain without the consent of the other. And finally, both were responsible for guaranteeing the other’s possessions in America against all other powers.
Who was General Nathanael Greene?
He cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.
Who was Benedict Arnold?
He changed sides because he was mad at Washington.
What happened at York Town?
Cornwallis surrendered his entire army of nearly 7,000 men
What is the Peace of Paris?
????
What was the Treaty of Paris?
The Treaty of Paris of Feb. 10, 1763, was signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain. Together with the treaty of Hubertusburg, it terminated the Seven Years War.France lost its possessions on the North American continent by ceding Canada and all its territories east of the Mississippi to Great Britain, and by ceding W Louisiana to its ally, Spain, in compensation for Florida, which Spain yielded to Great Britain. Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States
What are the Articles of Confederation?
This constitution, comprising a preamble and 13 articles, was adopted by Congress on Nov. 15, 1777 - John Dickinson drafted it. Came before the constitution.
What were the first 10 amendments to the constitution?
Bill of Rights
Who invented Cotton gin? How did it change the culture?
Ely Whitney - increased need for slave labor
Who was the 2nd president?
John Adams
Where was the first us capital?
Philadelphia
Who was Gabriel Prosser?
led a slave revolt = Virginia slave laws were tightened and abolitionist societies went underground
Who was 3rd president?
Thomas Jefferson
What is Marbury v Madison?
Landmark Supreme court decision that greatly expands the power of the Court by establishing its right to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
What was the Louisiana Purchase?
United States agrees to pay France $15 million for the Louisiana Territory, which extends west from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains - US doubled in size
Who was Lewis and Clark?
set out from St. Louis on an expedition to explore the West and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
Who was the fourth president?
James Madison
What is the War of 1812?
U.S. declares war on Britain over British interference with American maritime shipping and westward expansion
Who wrote Star Spangled Banner?
Frances Scott Key after seeing attack at Ft. McKenry during the War of 1812
Who was the 5th president?
James Monroe
What was McCullogh v Maryland?
A supreme court decision that allows the congress to make a national bank
What was the Missouri compromise?
In an effort to maintain the balance between free and slave states, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) is admitted as a free state so that Missouri can be admitted as a slave state
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
President Monroe declares that the American continents are henceforth off-limits for further colonization by European powers
Who was the 6th president?
John Quincy Adams
Who was the 7th president?
Andrew Jackson
What was the Indian Removal Act?
Jackson authorizes the forced removal of Native Americans living in the eastern part of the country to lands west of the Mississippi River
Who was William Lloyd Garrison?
One of the most famous abolitionists
Who was the 8th president?
Van Buren - Old Kinderhook OK
What was the trail of tears?
When Cherokee indians were moved from Georgia to present day Oklahoma - Went against the Supreme court decision - W0rcester v Gerogia Jackson didn't enforce the decision
Who was the 9th president who died one month after office?
William Harrison then VP John Tyler
What is the term of Manifest Destiny?
It expresses the belief held by many white Americans that the United States is destined to expand across the continent
What is the tready of Guadalupe Hildago?
Mexico recognizes Rio Grande as new boundary with Texas and, for $15 million, agrees to cede territory comprising present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of New Mexico and Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
11th president?
James Polk
How did some of the blacks gain their freedom after the revolutionary war?
Lord Dunmore of Virginia promised blacks freedom if they fought on the British side. Washington later aid if they fought for American independence they would win their freedom.
When did the slave trade begin to be removed?
n 1774, the Continental Congress called for complete abolition of the slave trade, and many of the states responded positively. Beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780, then the other northern states.
What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?
The delegates outlined a plan for surveying western territories into 36 square mile townships along east-west and north-south lines.The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 validated property rights in America, and the Old Northwest eventually became the states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The methods used to settle the Old Northwest worked so well that the principles were carried over to other frontier areas, forming the basis for America's public land policy.
What was unique about the Land ordinance of 1787?
It prohibited slavery in the Northwest
Who was the father of the constitution?
james Madison
Who were the federalists?
Federalists were wealthy, well-educated, and unified by the desire for a powerful, centralized government. Their leaders were usually influential men such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.
Who were the antifederalists?
Antifederalists, were generally farmers, debtors, and other lower class people who were loyal to their state governments. Antifederalist leaders, including Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry, typically enjoyed more wealth and power than the people they led.
What were the federalist papers?
lexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay stepped forward with a series of essays designed to alleviate the Antifederalists’ fears argued that limitations on governmental power were built into the Constitution with a series of checks and balances.-
What helped Madison with the Bill of Rights?
Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason in 1776
What did Hamilton's economic plan look like?
Govt take on all state debt, new capital in the south - Wash dc, take on confederation debt, national bank
What led to the Whiskey rebellion in 1794?
a tax imposed by Hamilton
What was the neutrality proclomation?
Issued by Washington - eclared the United States neutral between Britain and France
What was the Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795?
The Spanish granted almost all the United States’ requests, including ownership of the previously disputed territory north of Florida. This treaty also gave American western farmers and traders the right of deposit at New Orleans.
What was Jay's treaty?
gave the British 18 months to withdraw from the western forts, although they were given the right to continue fur trade with the Indians. The treaty also called for America to repay debts incurred to England during the Revolutionary War People were not happy
Who went to negotiate with France (Talleyrand) and ultimately was bribed?
Adams appointed three commissioners: Charles Pinckney, United States minister to France; John Marshall, a Virginia lawyer; and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts.
What was the XYZ affair? I.e. what was the offer?
Instead of speaking directly with Foreign Minister Talleyrand, they communicated through three French agents, whom the commissioners labeled X, Y, and Z in their report to Congress. The agents insisted that before negotiations could begin, the Americans were to pay a $250,000 bribe and a $12 million loan
What was the rally cry after Pickney's comment about the bribe?
Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.
What was the convention of 1800?
It annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American shippers.....war with France was prevented
What were the Alien and Sedition acts?
They quieted the Democratic Repulicans
1.The Naturalization Act lengthened from five to fourteen years the residency requirement for citizenship.
The Alien Enemies Act allowed the president to expel aliens in wartime.The Sedition Act prohibited antigovernment activity.
What was the 12th amendment?
It required separate balloting in the Electoral College for president and vice president. The amendment was ratified in 1804 before the next election.
What is the elastic clause of the constitution? hamilton proposed the national bank this way.
a statement in the U.S. constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.
Who operated the Bank of the US?
Nicolas Biddle
Who were the prominent Whigs?
Calhoun, Clay, Webster
Who were Northern writers?
Whitman, Longfellow, Melville, Parkman, Cooper
Who were Southern writers?
Poe, Simm, Longstreet
What were the Utopian communities?
Communes to improve life - ONeida, shakers, new harmony, nashoba, Brook farm, mormons
Who led the fight for the mentally ill?
Dorothy Dix
What was one of most influentail book for the abolitionists?
Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin
How were Catholics treated in the 1840s?
Irish need not apply signs wer commmon
What were some of the invention that helped industrialism during 1840s?
interchangeable part, rubber, howes sewim magchine , Morse telegrap, machine tools, McCormick mechanical reaper, john deer steel plow case sthreshing machine
Why was cotton king?
Because it was 2/3rds of the export form US.
How many of the South owned slaves?
3/4 owned no slaves and almost 1/2 owned fewer than 6
Who were the crackers or sandhillers?
the poorest whites of the south
What was the Brer Rabbit tales related to?
the underground system to help slaves
What prominent woman helped the underground?
Harriet Tubman
What was the gag rule?
The US reps said there could not be any discussion about slavery on gthe floor 9 went from 1836 - 1844
What was manifest destiny? Who gave it the name?
expansion to the west - pacific ocean
Sullivan
What was the webster- ashburn treaty?
It dealt with problems between britain and the U.S (created and atmosphere of compromise0- put togeter by Webster
who was polk?
He became president - was a staunch Jacksonian - opposed protective tarriffs, national bank, favored territorial expansion, annexation of Texas and occupation of Oregon territory
What did the" Fifty - four forty or fight" mean?
Take the oregon territory upt to lat 54' 40'
What was the Oregon treaty under Polk?
The current US canada boundary east of rockies was extended westard to the pacific securing puget sound and shared use of the strait of Juan de fuc
What was the details of the Mexican War?
Polk declared it
Slidell was sent to try to negotiate
Gen Zachary Taylor (old rough and ready) in first dispute
What was Polk's 3 pronged strategy against mexico?
a land movement westward throughNew Mexico in to CA, asea movment against CA, and a land movement into Mexico.
What was the most important battle of the Mexican War?
Cerro Gordo
What was the treat of Guadalupe- Hildalgo?
ended Mexican war -
Who opposed the Mexican war, wrote Civil Disobedience and lived at Walden Pond?
Thoreau
What was the Wilmot Proviso?
"neither slavery nor involuntary servitiude shall ever exist? in any territory to be acquired from - rejected by senate
What were the proposed compromises to the Wilmot Proviso?
Southerners - exteension of the 36 30' line of Missouri compromise
Norhterners - popular soverignty - residents of territory should decide
Where was gold discovered?
Sutter's Hill - (gold rush)"forty nniners"
What was the compromise 1850?
1.California was entered as a free state.
2.New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. In other words, the people would pick whether the states would be free or slave.
3.The Republic of Texas gave up lands that it claimed in present day New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico.
4.The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.
5.The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. This was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850
What was the "Young America"?
An aggressive program of foreign economic and territorial expansion under President Pierce.
What was the Reciprocity Treaty 1854?
Pierce- annex Hawaii, acquire territories form Mexico an Spain and increas US interest in Central America
What was the Gadsen Purchase? 1853
a strip of land wich is now new Mx and az
Why was President pierce called a doughface president?
He was a northern man with southern principles
What was the know nothing party?
Native born americans were being concerned about german and and irish immigrations...they were told to say I know nothen when asked about secret proceedings...became 2nd largest party
What was the Kansas - Nebraska act?
Bill that organized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and ask for the repealking of the Missouri compromise which banned slavery in the areas in question. ...lead to the developement of the new Republican party
What did bleeding Kansas refer to?
Because of the Kans-Neb act, the people of the Kansas territory could vote on slavery - guerilla war fare developed - alot killed ( Pottawatomice Creek Massacre and Sack of Lawrence)
What was the Dred Scott case?
A slave sued for his freedome based on the fact that e lived in a free state for several years. - he wasn't allowed to sue
What was the panic of 1857?
Due to overspecualiton of raliroads and lands, faulty banking and interruption of flow of European capital - severe depression
What was te John Brown raid?
He lead the attak at Pottwatomie creed but he seized a federal asrsenal at Hapers ferry inciting a slave uprising. - was found, sentenced and hung
Who were the secret six?
they were the prominent Northern abolitionists ahta helped support brown's uprising
What was the seccession crisis?
When Lincoln became president in 1860 many sounternsers were afraid he would get rid of slavery so they started to secede.
Who seceded and became the confederate states of america? who became president?
SC, alabama, georgia, florida, missippi, louisisana and texas
Jefferswon DAvis
What was fort sumter?
the first battle of the civil war - Lincoldn declared the insurrection after Gen Bearuegard took sumpter
What were the strengths of the north for the civil war?
wealth, superior industry, 3 to 1 manpower, railroad, u.s. navy
strengths of south
vast size, own ground, qualified officers, Lee , Jonston,
who were officers for north?
McDowell, McClellan, Gran, Sherman, Halleck, Buell, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, Rosecrans,
what was the strategy of the north
Scott's anaconda plan - take missippii river, naval blocade to shut out supplies
Who was Lee's main general for the south? other generals
Stonewall Jackson , Bragg, Johnston
What was the Homestead act?
Lincoln proposed that 160 acres of land free to any person wo would farm it for five years - did not work
What was the conscription act?
Somone could sub in for the war for $300
When was the first income tax?
during the civil war to fund the northern side, Chase issued green backs too
Who were the copperheads?
Northerners who opposed war such as Vallandigham
What was the emancipation proclamation?
Lincoln declared slaves free - but it didn't really free anyone
What was the bloodiest battle of the civil war?
gettysburg
where did Lee surrender
Appomattox,Va
Where was Lincoldn shot?
Ford's theater, Washing, Johhn Wilkes Booth - Johnson became Pres
What was the Freedman's Bureau?
help freed slaves - food clothing education
what was Lincoln's ten percent plan?
southerners except officials, could take an oath prmising loyalty tothe union and accpet te end of slavery.. when that reached 10% they could have a state govt.
Who pushed for the purchase of Alaska?
Sec of state Seward - known as Seward's folly under Johnson
What was the 14th amendment?
Extended citizenship to everyone, confederate debt void, confederate leaders inelgible for public office, denied states that didn't let blacks vote
what was the 15th amendment?
black vote
what was the corruption incidents under Grant?
Black Friday gold scandal, credit mobilier scandal dummy construction co got money for railway, salary grab act - raise for pres and cong, sanborn contract fraud - collected unpaid taxes with commission, whisey ring fraud, bribing of belknap,
What was the panic of 1873?
depression due to overexpansiv railroad, failure of financial firm, demonetizaton of silver
What was the specie resumption act?
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What happened with the pres election of hayes?
Tilden had pop vote and lead in electoral 184 but needed 185 so congress created a special commission and haeyes won
What is the tenure of office act?
It was used to reduce the power of President Johnson