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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amphibia are what?
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Cold-blooded (ecothermic) animals with a bony skeleton that usually have four limbs with webbed feet and four toes, a large mouth and small teeth, a three-chambered heart, separate sexes, and fertilize eggs internally or externally (salamanders, frogs, etc.)
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Reptilia have what?
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Horny epidermal scales, usually with paired limbs that have five toes. They have a bony skeleton and lungs (no gills). Most have a three-chambered heart. They are cold-blooded (ecothermic), have separate sexes, fertilize internally, and lay eggs (snakes, lizards, alligators).
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Chondrichthyes are what?
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Fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton, a two-chambered heart, between five and seven gill pairs, no swim bladder or lung, and internal fertilization (sharks, rays, etc).
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Aves are what?
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Warm blooded (endothermic) birds having a spindle-shaped body (with head, neck, trunk, and tail), a long neck, paired limbs, wings for flying, a four-toed foot, feathers, leg scales, a bony skeleton, bones with air cavities, a beak, no teeth, and a well-developed nervous system. Aves also have a four-chambered heart, lungs with thin air sacs, separate sexes, and lay eggs with a hard calcified shell (birds- ducks, sparrows, etc.)
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Mammalia include what?
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Warm-blooded animals with hairy bodies, glands, (sweat, scent, sebaceous, mammary), teeth, eyelids, four limbs (usually), external fleshy ears, a four-chambered heart, lungs, a larynx and a highly developed brain. They fertilize internally, give birth to live young (except monotremes), and produce milk (cows, humans, platypus, apes, etc.)
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What are nuclear pores?
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Holes in the nuclear membrane where the double nuclear membrane fuses together, forming a break or hole, allowing the selective intake and excretion of molecules to or from the nucleus. They are the channel of communication between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm.
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What are Microvilli?
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Filaments that extend from the cell membrane, particularly in cells that are involved in absorption (such as in the intestine). These filaments increase the surface area of the cell membrane, thus increasing the area available to absorb nutrients. They also contain enzymes that are involved in digesting certain types of nutrients.
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What are Secretory Vesicles?
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Packets of material packaged by either the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum. The secretory vesicle carries the substance produced within the cell to the cell membrane. The vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane, allowing the substance to escape the cell.
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What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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A network of continuous membranous channels that connect the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane and is responsible for the delivery of lipids and proteins to certain areas within the cytoplasm. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks attached ribosomes.
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What is Silicon Carbide held together by?
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Silicon carbide (SiC) is held together with network covalent bonds, which creates a crystal entirely from covalent bonds and confers unusual strength (and a high melting point) upon the crystal.
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What is Acetic Acid?
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A molecular compound that is held together with covalent bonds, in which electrons are shared between atoms, so that both atoms in the bond end up having a full octet of electrons.
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What is Copper held together by?
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As a metal, copper is held together by metallic bonds, which involve delocalized d-orbital electrons.
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What are Bryophytes?
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Nonvascular plants (mosses) that lack tissue that will conduct water or food.
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What are Angiosperms?
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Flowering plants that produce flowers as reproductive organs. They have two main systems- the shoot system, which is mainly above ground, and the root system below ground.
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What produces seeds without flowers?
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Gymnosperms. This includes conifers (cone-bearers) and cycads.
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What is Conduction?
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The transfer of molecules by collisions, passing heat through one material into another.
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What is Convection?
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It is caused by the flow of heated liquid or gas through a volumetric medium.
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Waves traveling through space to transfer heat away from the energy source is called what?
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Radiation
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Hydrogen gas gas an oxidation potential of what?
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0
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What is the definition of exponential curve (or J-curve)?
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It is one of the modes of population growth where the rate of growth accelerates over time since there are no limiters of growth.
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What is the rate of increase within a population determined by?
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Birth rate minus the death rate.
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Natality is what?
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The birth rate within a population.
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The death within a population is described as?
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Mortality rate
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What is the logistic curve (or S-curve)?
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Another mode of population growth for populations that encounter limiting factors in which acceleration occurs up to a point then slows down.
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What is the evolution of plant species considered to have begun with?
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E-aerobic prokaryotic cells.
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What are sound and transverse waves?
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A sound wave is a compression or longitudinal wave, which means that it compresses and rarefies as it moves through a medium. Transverse waves oscillate up and down as they move through a medium.
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What does a desert area do to water that is present?
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It increases evaporation of the water causing a concentration of salts.
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What property determines an object's resistance to motion?
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Mass. The mass of an object never changes. It's mass s equal to the object's weight divided by the acceleration due to gravity (g) at its current position in space.
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What is the connection between mother and embryo that is the site of transfer for nutrients, water, and waste between them?
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The placenta.
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Who is Gregor Mendel?
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He studied the relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring, and the genes that caused the traits to be expressed.
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The first cells to evolve were most likely what?
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Unspecialized. Since the Earth's atmosphere was most likely lacking in oxygen, it is presumed that pre-plant cells were also anaerobic. Early cells were also small, aquatic, and prokaryotic.
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What is the sequence of human evolution?
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Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, Cro-Magnon, and Modern man.
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What are Equinoxes and Solstices?
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The two points on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic crosses the celestial equator. March 21 is the spring equinox. Solstices occur in the summer and winter, and correspond to the ecliptic being farthest from the celestial equator. The autumn equinox occurs at the other end of the sphere on September 22.
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Where is the DNA of eukaryotes?
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It is organized into chromosomes within the nucleus.
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What are inorganic cofactors?
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Small non-protein molecules that promote proper enzyme catalysis. These molecules may bind to the active site or to the substrate itself. The most common inorganic cofactors are metallic atoms such as iron, copper, and zinc.
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What will not inhibit enzymatic reactions?
1. Temperature 2. pH level 3. Particular chemical agents 4. Lack of substrate 5. large amount of enzyme |
Environmental conditions such as heat or acidity inhibit enzymatic reactions by changing the shape of the active site and rendering the enzyme ineffective. Certain chemicals inhibit enzymatic reactions by changing the shape of the enzymes's active site. If there is a lack of substrate, the enzyme will have no substance to affect. Thus, a large amount of enzyme is the only factor that will not inhibit enzymatic reactions.
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What is photosynthesis?
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Photosynthesis is the crucial reaction that converts the light energy of the sun into chemical energy that is usable by living things.
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What is cellular respiration?
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Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy for use by the cell. There are several steps involved in cellular respiration, some require oxygen (aerobic) and some do no (anaerobic).
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Why are water molecules attracted to each other?
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The hydrogen atoms in water molecules have a partial positive charge, while the oxygen atoms in water have a partial negative charge, causing polarity. This polarity allows the oxygen of one water molecule to attract the hydrogen of another.
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The major driving force of the evolution of species is known as
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Natural Selection
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The physical place where a particular organism lives is called a
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habitat
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A light year represents the
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A light year is the distance, not the speed or velocity. It is also not a time measurement.
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Igneous rock forms are commonly called
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Granite. Marble is a metamorphic rock, while limestone, cement, and sandstone are all sedimentary rocks.
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The function of the gall bladder and pancreas is to aid digestion by producing digestive enzymes and secreting them into the
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`small intestine.
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Many insects have special respiratory organs known as
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spiracles that allow for gas exchange
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What is the study of the interaction of organisms with their living space
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Ecology
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What is the name of a distinct group of individuals that are able to mate and produce viable offspring?
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Species
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What is an autotroph?
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Plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis. (plants, algae, many bacteria)
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The Michael-Morley experiment in 1887 proved that the speed of light
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Is the same in all directions. The speed of light in a liquid is slower than in air. The speed of light is the same on the moon as it is on Earth.
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The three most recent geological eras are
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Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic. These eras are parts of the Phanerozoic Eon and represent the past 570 million years. Cenozoic represents the "recent life". Mesozoic represents the "middle life" and Paleozoic represents "old life". There were complex life forms during all three of these eras.
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A form of symbiosis in which one species is benefited while the other is harmed is called
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a parasite
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An axis is
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a connecting line between the two poles.
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How many galaxies are there in the universe?
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Billions
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What is the name for the imaginary object that centers on and surrounds Earth by which background stars are projected?
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Celestial Sphere.
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Why is stratospheric ozone depletion (destruction of the ozone layer) a serious concern?
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It will increase the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground.
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Mountain and valley breezes form because of
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gravity and heating.
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As you go down the periodic table and to the left, which trait increases?
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Atom radius.
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According to Newton's laws of motion, the greater the mass of an object, the greater the force necessary to change it's
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state of motion. Newton's first law of motion states that an object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest until acted on by an outside force.
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A wave does not carry along the medium through which it travels. Thus,
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Individual water molecules do not travel toward the shore, but wave peaks do.
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What is a heterotroph?
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An organism that cannot synthesize it's own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition. (Animals, fungi, bacteria)
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What is an organic compound?
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An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
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What is glucose?
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A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine triphosphate
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What is ATP?
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Energy from the sun transformed by photosynthetic organisms into chemical energy. It is the energy currency of of cellular activity.
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Define mitochondria:
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An organelle in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
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What is aerobic respiration?
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It requires oxygen in order to generate ATP.
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What is anaerobic respiration?
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It uses electron receptors other than oxygen. It is also called fermentation.
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What are the 3 steps in cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis, Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
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What happens in Glycolysis?
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It is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The pyruvate then diffuses into the mitochondria.
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What is the Krebs Cycle?
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Also known as the citric acid cycle, occurs in the matrix of the cell's mitochondria and breaks down pyruvic acid molecules (3 carbons each) into CO2 molecules, H+ (protons), and 2 ATP molecules. The Krebs cycle also liberates electrons, which then enter the next step.
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What is the second step of the Krebs Cycle?
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It occurs along the electron transport system (ETS) which captures the energy (in the form of electrons) released by the Krebs cycle. The ETS is a series of cytochromes, which exist on the cristae of the mitochondria. Cytochromes are pigment molecules, which include a protein and a heme (iron containing) groupl. The iron in heme groups may either be oxidized or reduced as electrons are passed along the ETS. As electrons pass from one cytochrome to another, energy is given off. Some of this energy is lost as heat; the rest is stored in the molecules of ATP. The final step of the electron transport chain is when the last electron carrier transfers two electrons to an oxygen atom that simultaneously combines with two protons from the surrounding medium to produce water.
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