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Clean up

Clean Up

by hao.chen87@yahoo.com, Jul. 2011

Subjects: saf

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286 Cards in this Set

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	Chromophobes	Cells that do not stain readily - Found in Pituitary along side acidophils and basophils - Could be undifferentiated stem cells or depleted acidophils/basophils
	Hypopharyngeal eminence	aka Hypobranchial eminence - Gives rise to the epiglottis - Combines with the Copula to form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
	Superior mediastinum	- Aortic Arch - Superior part of superior vena cava - Brachiocephalic veins and arteries - Vagus/Recurrent laryngeal nerves
	Structures in the parotid	- Facial nerve which breaks up within the gland - Merging of Maxillary vein with Superficial temporal vein forming the retromandibular vein - External carotid artery which splits into superficial temporal and maxillary arteries within the gland
	Scalenus muscle crossings	- Phrenic nerve and Subclavian veins cross Anterior to the Anterior scalenus - Subclavian artery and brachial plexus crosses between the Scalenus anterior and Medius over the first rib and under the clavicle
	Attachment of muscle collagen fibers	Attaches to the bone on one end and the Sarcolemma of the muscle. *- Sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of muscle cells. T tubules are invaginations of the sarcolemma
	Location of myoepithelial cells	Between the basal lamina and secretory cell membrane
	Melanocyte location	Within the Stratum Basale of the epidermis
	Transitional Epithelium	Contains dome shaped superficial cells that can flatten when stretched - Found in the Uterus and Bladder
	Thebesian veins	Vaveless veins that directly drain the myocardium into the right atrium - Most abundant in the right atrium and least abundant in the left ventricle
	Clefts general characteristics and causes	- Cleft lip is more common then cleft palate. - Cleft lip is more common in males, While cleft palate is more common in females Unilateral Cleft lip - When a maxillary process fails to fuse with a medial nasal prominence Median cleft lip - Very rare and occurs when the medial nasal prominences fail to fuse Oblique facial clefts - When a maxillary prominence fails to fuse with BOTH the medial and lateral nasal prominence Primary palatal cleft - When one medial nasal prominence fails to fuse with the lateral palatine process and/or the maxillary prominences Secondary palatal cleft - Occurs when one lateral palatine process fails to fuse with the Nasal septum and other palatine process
	Stylomastoid foramen	Passes the Facial nerve * Lesser petrosal nerve exits foramen ovale with V3
	Azygous system	- Both highest intercostal veins drain directly into the brachiocephalic veins - Rest of the right side drain into the Azygous vein - Left 2,3,4 drain into the left superior intercostal vein which drains directly into the brachiocephalic vein - Rest of the left side drains into accesory hemiazygos upper and hemiazygos veins lower. Both of which drains into the azygos vein
	Types of bone	Compact/Cortical/Lamellar - Hard bone. Lamellar bone is harder replacement of woven bone during fracture healing Woven/Cancellous/Trabecular - Soft network of bone - Alveolar bone proper is composed of both Bundle bone and Lamellar bone
	Blood supply to the submandibular gland	Gladular branches of the facial artery
	Collagen vs Elastic fibers	Collagen adds tensile strength to bone Elastic fibers adds flexibility and elasticity
	Muscle wrappings	Endomysium wraps around individual muscle fibers Perimysium wraps around each fasciculus Epimysium wraps around each muscle
	Subdivision of the esophagus	Into 3 divisions based on the muscularis externa - Upper third has all striated muscle - Middle has increased smooth muscle - Lower 3rd has only smooth muscle
	Junction between primary and secondary dentin	Sharp change in direction of the dentinal tubules
	Lamina Papyracea	Orbital wall of the ethmoid bone
	Retropharyngeal Space	Bounded by alar fascia posteriorly and Carotid sheath laterally - Superior boundary is base of skull
	Retina histology	Rods and cones detect light and transmit to bipolar cells Bipolar cells transmit to ganglionic cells which than transmit their axons to form the Optic nerve
	Primary enamel cuticle	- Membrane of the reduced enamel epithelium - Primarily basal lamina and has a layer of unmineralized enamel
	Attachment epithelium of a tooth	Derived from the reduced enamel epithelium
	Subepithelial lymphoid tissue	Peyer's patches and Pharyngeal tonsils are considered Subepithelial and are UNencapsulated
	Prolongation of PR interval and extra P waves	Partial heart block
	Intestinal bacteria products	- Split urea to form Ammonia - Vitamin K - Folic acid - Small organic acids from carb/fat digestion
	Wilson disease	Copper accumulating in liver and brain - Shows brown ring around iris
	Steroid synthesis	P450scc/Desmolase - Forms Pregnenolone from Cholesterol - 17-alpha-hydroxlase commits Pregnenolone to becoming Testosterone - Testosteron is converted to Estrogen by Aromatase, and converted to DHT by 5a-reductase - 3b-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenase complex 3bHSD commits pregnenolone into Progesterone. - Progesterone can convert to either Cortisol or Aldosterone
	Blood pressure differences	Greatest drop in BP occurs in arterioles Slowest blood flow in Capillaries Largest blood volume and lowest blood pressure in large veins
	Mechanism for lipoprotein entry into cell	Receptor mediated endocytosis
	Respiratory Quotient	CO2 produced divided by O2 consumed CO2/O2 Glucose - 1 Protein - 0.8-0.9 Ketone - 0.73 Fat - 0.7 Acids - 1.33-4 for Oxalic acid
	During prolonged Acidosis	More Ammonia is secreted to remove the protons
	Types of body Movements	Elevation - Chewing Opposition - Thumb Abduction - Movement away from longitudinal axis of body Flexion - Movement in anteropostero plane that decreases angle Protraction - Movement anteriorly in a horizontal plane
	Adenosine	Released from tissue under hypoxia and causes vasodilation
	Tetanus, Treppe and wave summation	Complete Tetanus - When a muscle is stimulated so often that any relaxation is eliminated Incomplete tetanus - Phases of contraction and relaxation Treppe - Stimulation with a constant stimulus allowing the tension to reach maximum Wave summation - When second stimulus arrives before relaxation period has ended causing a more powerful contraction
	Afterpotential	Paradoxically named because of the use of two electrodes on the outside - After action potential peak, there is a negative afterpotential when the nerve is HYPERexcitable - Afterwards, there is a positive afterpotential when the neuron is HYPOexcitable
	Pyloric pump	Pumping of chyme from Pylorus into the small intestine
	Phases of Gastric secretion	Cephalic - Sight and thought causes vagus to release acetylcholine Gastric - Caused by distension of stomach which activates myenteric plexus Intestinal phase - Has exitatory and inhibitory component
	High-proline proteins	Protects enamel and binds toxic tannins
	Dextran and Levan	Dextran is glucose polymer Levan is fructose polymer Both are synthesized by Plaque bacteria.
	Muscle contraction types	Dynamic - Both Concentric and Eccentric Concentric - Increased tension and decreased length Eccentric - Increased tension and increased length due to a greater opposing force Isometric - Increased tension with no change in length Isotonic - When muscle contracts against a fixed load and tension stays the same
	Peptic Ulcer disease complications	- Major complication resulting in majority of deaths is Perforation *- Malignant transformation is rare in gastric ulcers and unknown in duodenal ulcers
	Peppery hot taste	Mediated by Trigeminal nerve as well as food texture
	Achondroplasia	Impaired cartilage formation - Poor long bone formation and dwarfish
	Albers-Schonberg disease	aka Osteopetrosis - Brittle and dense bone due to defective absorption of immature bone
	Cyclosporin	Reversibly inhibits Helper T cells to prevent organ rejection
	Oral lesions of Addison's	Can be found anywhere in the mouth but often in the Buccal Mucosa - Lesions are darkly pigmented blue-black spots
	Aflatoxin	Toxin produced by Aspergillus and causes hepatic toxicity, cirrhosis, and hepatic cancer
	Hapten	An allergen that must bind to a carrier protein to elicit an immune response - Contact hypersensitivity is through Haptens regardless if its protein, carbohydrate, or lipid
	Penetrance	The extent in which a gene expresses itself phenotypically - A autosomal dominant gene with 50% penetrance will have offspring with 50% of 50% penetrance or 25%
	Pyemia	Pus in the blood due to Bacteremia or Septicemia - Bacteremia does not have emergency hypotension symptoms like Septicemia
	Benchmark organisms	Surface disinfection - Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Sterilization - Bacillus Sterothermophilus
	Giant cell Arteritis	A Granulomatous inflammation of small- and medium-sized vessels, especially cranial vessels
	Heart Failure cells	Hemosiderin filled Macrophages - Indicative of heart failure and appear with passive pulmonary congestion
	Adsorption vs Absorption	- Adsorption is when virus first attaches to host cell surface - Absorbtion occurs without the use of energy and under the interaction between virus surface component and a specific receptor on the cell membrane
	Keloid	Scar overgrowth which is composed of Type 3 collagen in the early stage which transforms into Type 1 collagen in later stages - Forms by an overgrowth by granulation tissue made of Type 3 collagen - Later gives way to forming a mostly Type 1 collagen scar
	Sabouraud's agar	An Agar for Fungi that contains glucose and Peptone as nutrients - Also contains Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide to inhibit bacterial growth
	Standard Chemical Sterilizer	Ethylene Oxide
	Adsorption vs Absorption	- Adsorption is when virus first attaches to host cell surface - Absorbtion occurs without the use of energy and under the interaction between virus surface component and a specific receptor on the cell membrane
	Keloid	Scar overgrowth which is composed of Type 3 collagen in the early stage which transforms into Type 1 collagen in later stages - Forms by an overgrowth by granulation tissue made of Type 3 collagen - Later gives way to forming a mostly Type 1 collagen scar
	Sabouraud's agar	An Agar for Fungi that contains glucose and Peptone as nutrients - Also contains Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide to inhibit bacterial growth
	Standard Chemical Sterilizer	Ethylene Oxide
	Urticaria	aka Hives - Skin rashes that are pale red, raised, and itchy
	Arthus reaction	Local type 3 hypersensitivity with deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in Vascular walls, serosa, and glomeruli
	Most common feature of intestinal malabsorption syndrome	Steatorrhea
	Most common cause of Hematemesis in Alcoholics	Most common is Esophageal varices due to cirrhosis Mallory weiss syndrome due to excessive vomiting is also possible but less likely
	Urinary casts	Formed in the DCT and collecting ducts and pass in the urine - Can be used to indicate various disease states
	Polymyxins	Antibiotics selective for LPS on gram negative cell membranes and disrupts both inner and outer membranes
	Enterococcus faecium	Gram positive organism that live commensally but can cause diseases such as neonatal meningitis - Vancomycin is used to treat - Resistant strains are called VRE
	Mycolic acid	Found in the cell walls of Mycobacterium and is a long chain fatty acid used to protect the bacteria - Mycobacterium cell walls are acid fast due to high levels of lipids, fatty acids, and waxes
	Behcet's disease	Immune mediated systemic Vasculitis - Characterized by oral, ocular, and genital ulcerations - Can also involve visceral organs such as GI, nerves, lungs, muscles, etc
	Dysentery	Bacillary Dysentery Most common cause is Shigella - Characterized by abdominal cramps, muscous and bloody stools Amoebic Dysentery Most common cause is Entamoeba Histolytica
	Lymphangioma	Benign lesions found mostly on buccal mucosa and dorsal surface of the tongue - Appearance of numerously closely packed nodular structures filled with fluid and may resemble a blister
	White sponge nevus	Congenital condition that alters texture of oral, vaginal, and/or anal mucosa - Painless white lesions that are pearly white - Often mistaken for Leukoplakia - No treatment is necessary
	Karyotyping and Cell Culture	Karyotyping Counting and typing of chromosomes of a cell during Metaphase - Can diagnose disorders in number of chromosomes or number and type of sex chromosomes Cell culture of amniocentesis cells can diagnose inborn Metabolic errors
	Pedunculated vs Villous adenoma	Villous adenoma usually occurs in rectum or sigmoid colon and is usually malignant - Resection is necessary Pedunculated adenomas are rarely malignant
	Most common Fungal Meningitis	Cryptococcal Meningitis - Can mimic bacterial meningitis - Affects people with immunodeficiency
	Breast masses	Most common breast disorder - Fibrocystic disease Most common tumor - Fibroadenoma. Benign Most common malignant tumors are Carcinomas, not sarcomas. Most common Carcinoma is Ductal carcinoma, Connective tissue carcinoma is most rare
	RNA tumor virus	Retrovirus
	Newcastle virus	Respiratory disease of chickens - Can cause conjunctivitis in poultry workers and researchers
	Incisal embrasure sizes	Smallest: 1 - Mand centrals 2 - Mand central and lateral 3 - Max centrals Largest 1 - Maxillary lateral and canine 2 - Mandibular lateral and canine 3 - Max central and Lateral *- Largest embrasure in mouth is distal incisal/occlusal embrasure between maxillary canine and 1st premolar
	Maxillary central Apex, Mamelons, Pulp horns, Pulp canal form, Special	Blunt Apex 3 Mamelons 2 Pulp horns Trianglular pulp x-section Special - Greatest Cervical curvature on mesial - Widest anterior tooth mesiodistally - Variations include long crown with short root
	Maxillary Lateral Apex, Mamelons, Pulp horns, Pulp canal form, Special	Sharp apex with distal inclination 3 Mamelons 2 Pulp horns Round canal x-section Special - Second most frequent congenitally missing teeth - Second most frequent peg shaped - Root may appear Proportionally larger than central due to shorter crown - Frequently has a Lingual marginal groove especially on distal
	Maxillary Canine Apex, Cusp slope, Pulp horns, Mamelons, Canal form, Special	Tapered apex with distal inclination Distal Longer 0 Pulp horns 0 Mamelons Elliptical canal form longer Facial Lingually Special - Cusp tip labial to root axis - Greatest LabioLingual of all anterior teeth - Widest Root Labiolingually of any Root - Distal crown is thinner and has facial concavity
	Maxillary 1st premolar Cusp slope, Cusp confines, Occlusal shape, Pulp Horns, Canals, Cross section, Special	Mesial Longer Cusps within root trunk Hexagonal shape 2 Pulp Horns Buccal canal longer but Lingual canal is larger Kidney shaped Special - Facial cusp tips distally while Lingual cusp tips Mesially - Concavity on root AND crown - Largest Premolar in mouth
	Maxillary 2nd premolar Slope, Cusp confines, Occlusal outline, Horns, X-section, Cusp height	Distal slope longer Cusp tip within root outline Hexagonal shape but rounder 2 Horns NOT kidney shaped. More oval Buccal and Lingual cusps appx same height while Buccal cusp is longer in 1st premolar Special - Grooves radiating from central groove with wrinkled appearance - Lingual cusp more mesial than buccal cusp like 1st premolar
	Maxillary 1st molar, Cusp confines, Fossa sizes, Pulp Horns, Lobes, Pulp Canal Orifices, Special	Cusp tips within root outline Central, Distal, Mesial triangular, Distal triangular 4 Pulp horns 5 Lobes Triangular shaped, longest between Lingual & MB, DB canal has Obtuse angle. Special - Lingual is larger than buccal - Distal concavity on crown * - Lingual embrasures are smaller than buccal due to large Lingual size -Least Supplemental grooves of max molars - Lingual root has concavity on Facial - MB root has concavity on both mesial and distal
	Maxillary 2nd & 3rd molar	2nd - Very long root trunk, Especially on distal 3rd - Crown is shorter than any other maxillary tooth - Abnormality shows small crowns with large roots - Often no decay or restoration on extracted 3rd molars
	Mandibular Central Horns, Mamelons, Root apex, Special	2 Pulp horns 3 Mamelons Pointed apex Special - Developmental grooves on roots with Distal groove deeper - Incisal edge perpendicular to buccolingual bisector
	Mandibular Lateral, Mamelons, Root length,	3 mamelons Root is longer than Maxillary incisors and Mandibular central Special - Incisal edge is NOT perpendicular to buccolingual bisector - Developmental depressions on root
	Mandibular Canine Apex, Root, Special	Apex often mesially incline Most common Anterior Root to contain 2 Canals and may be Bifurcated. Special - Crown longer but Root shorter than Maxillary canine - Crown may appear Twisted on root leaning distally - Longest mandibular tooth
	Mandibular 1st Premolar Slopes, Buccal cusp,	Distal slope Longer Buccal cusp CENTERED over root Special - Occlusal gingival height of 1st premolar is largest of all mandibular posteriors just like in Maxillary - No occlusal contact on Mesial Marginal ridge - Mesial side more angular while distal side is rounder
	Mandibular 2nd Premolar Cusp Heights, Types, Special	Lingual cusps almost as tall as buccal cusps 3 Cusp type most common Special - Lingual HOC is on Occlusal 3rd - Least likely Premolar to have 2 roots or 2 canals - May develop from 5 lobes. Only Anterior and Premolar to have 5 lobes
	Mandibular 1st Molar Fossae, Cusp Size, Special	Central, Mesial, Distal MB cusp largest and has largest pulp horn Special - Can see all 5 cusps in Facial view - Mesial contact is farther Buccal than Any other mandibular contact
	Mandibular 2nd & 3rd molar	2nd - Grooves meet at central Fossa at 90deg - MB cusp largest - Only 3 grooves, Central, Buccal, Lingual - Roots curve more distally than 1st and have more Supplemental grooves 3rd - Most Frequent tooth Missing or Abnormal with Short roots - Most frequently Impacted tooth in mouth - Usually no decay or restorations with open apicies
	Time between Calcification and eruption of Permanent teeth	7-10 years
	Initial and Final closure of mandible	Initial closure is by Masseter and Medial pterygoid Final closure is by anterior fibers of Temporalis
	Most distinct Transverse ridge	In the Mandibular 1st Premolar and Primary Mandibular 1st molar
	Narrowest zones of Attached Gingiva	At Maxillary and Mandibular 1st Pre-Molars
	Beneficience	Acting in the patient's best interest - Primary obligation is service to patients and the public - If conflicts with Autonomy, patient has right to decide
	Syncytiotrophoblast	Forms the placenta and secretes hCG to maintain corpus luteum
	Neural fold	Induced by the Notocord - Will form the Neural tube at about the neck and Neural crest cells at about the 4th week *- Embryonic folding also occurs at about the 4th week
	Functional Lungs	Lungs are derived from the Foregut Laryngotracheal tube at about the 7th Month
	Embryo to Fetal Stage	At about 8th week, all adult named muscles and nerves are present - Thus the 8th week is the transition from an Embryo to a Fetus
	Ectomesenchyme	Created by migrating neural crest to fill in the space of the growing neck
	Epipericardial ridge	Grows from the 6th branchial arch and meets with an arch from the 2nd arch - Forms a cervical cyst and closes off the 2,3,4th branchial clefts
	Quality Assessment vs Assurance	Quality Assessment - Appraisal of whether standards of quality have been met Quality assurance - Includes additional dimension of implementation to maintain or improve the quality of care in the future
	Child Abuse characteristics	Most common cause of death is head trauma Child abuse most commonly involves children up to 3 Dentists are morally, ethically, and legally obligated to report cases of child abuse and domestic violence. This is *Non-Malfesience - 68% of women's injuries are in the face, 45% in eyes
	Three main components of ADA code and Five ethical principles of the code	ADA code - Principle of ethics - Code of professional conduct - Advisory opinions Ethical principles - Veracity: Truthfulness - Justice: Fairness to petients, colleagues, and society - Autonomy: Self-governance - Beneficience: Do good - Non-Malfesence: Do no harm
	Not included in informed consent	Financial information such as costs of procedures - Financial information should not be kept on the treatment record and should use a separate form
	Types of supervision	General - Dentist has recommended procedure but is not physically present Direct - Dentist on site Presonal supervision - Dentist is treating the patient directly and hygienist has supportive procedure
	Nonmaleficence	Protect the patient from harm - Primary obligations include keep knowledge and skills current - Knowing one's limitations and when to refer to specialist - Know what delegations to auxillaries are appropriate
	Types of disciplinary penalties	Censure - Disciplinary sentence written to express severe criticism or disapproval for an act Suspension - Loss of membership privileges for a certain period with automatic reinstatement Probation - Specified period without a loss of rights. A dentist on probation may be required to practice under the supervision of another dentist Revocation of licence - Absolute severance from profession *- A guilty verdict for any criminal felony is considered an unethical conduct
	Use of the name of a dentist no longer in the practice	Cannot exceed 1 yr - Can exceed 1 year with permission if prominent notice is provided to the public with signs or notices that the departing dentist has retired from the office
	Anterior and posterior cranial fossa limitations and Contents	Anterior - Limited posteriorly by lesser wing of sphenoid bone - Ethmoidal foramen - Foramen Cecum between the Frontal and Ethmoid bones - Crista Galli Posterior - Limited anteriorly by superior angles of the Petrous and Dorsum sellae - Hypoglossal canal - Jugular foramen - Foramen magnum - Internal acoustic meatus
	Non-articulating surfaces of TMJ	Synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
	TMJ in older person	Articulating surfaces with fibrous connective tissue begin to develop fibrocartilage containing Chondrocytes
	Blood supply to TMJ	External Carotid: - Superficial Temporal artery - Ascending pharyngeal artery Maxillary - First part - Deep auricular - Anterior tympanic
	Midbrain cross section Mnemonic	Upside down bear face with red nucleus as eyes - Also contains cerebral aqueduct - Superior cerebellar peduncles - Substantia nigra - Oculomotor and trochlear nucli with Ediger-Westfall nucleus of CN3
	Upper vs Lower motor neuron paralysis	Upper - Spastic paralysis Lower - Flaccid paralysis with accompanied Hypertonia
	Branches of the Maxillary artery 1st part and 3rd part. Pterygopalatine fossa	1st - Deep Auric - Anterior Tympanic - Inferior alveolar - Middle meningeal - Access Meningeal 3rd part - Within Pterygopalatine fossa - Posterior superior Alveolar - Infraorbital - Sphenopalatine - Artery of Pterygoid canal - Pharyngeal - Descending palatine
	Nuclear receptor for Calcium homeostasis	Vitamin D Calcitriol receptor
	Oxytocin release stimulus	During birth: Dilation of Cervix & Uterus After birth - Suckling of Nipples
	Salivary gland duct pathway	Intralobular ducts - Intercalated duct comes first and has thinnest epithelium with Low simple cuboidal cells - Striated duct connects to Interlobular duct and contains low simple Columnar cells Interlobular duct Interlobar/Gland duct such as Stenson's duct for Parotid
	Nerve parallel to External Jugular vein	Great Auricular nerve
	Axillary sheath	Continuous with the pre-vertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia - Contains the Axillary artery, Axillary vein, and Cords of Brachial Plexus which are named according to their relationship with the axillary artery *- Axillary artery is broken in 3 parts as it runs posterior to Pectoralis Minor
	Humerus Fractures	Neck fractures - Can damage Axillary nerve Mid-Shaft fractures - Radial Nerve Supracondylar area - Median Nerve Medial epicondyle - Ulnar nerve
	Adverse effects of Chloramphenicol	Gray baby syndrome Aplastic Anemia Bone marrow supression Leukemia
	Foramen Lacerum formation and passage	Temoral, Sphenoid, and Occipital bones in middle cranial fossa Ascending pharyngeal artery and deep petrosal nerve passes through foramen lacerum along with the internal carotid
	Branches of the Facial nerve	Inside skull - Greater petrosal nerve, Chorda tympani, Stapedius Outside: A Tiny Zebra Bit My Car - Posterior Auricular - Temporal - Zygomatic - Buccal - Marginal Mandibular: Communicates with mental and supplies lip and chin - Cervical: Platysma
	Perikaryon	Soma or cell body of a nerve
	Most common Metastasis to Bone	Prostate, Breast, Lung, Kidney, Thyroid - GI tract is least likely to spread to bone, and brain
	Proteoglycan vs Glycoprotein	Both are Amino sugars - Proteoglycans have more Sugar - Glycoprotein have more Protein
	Attachment of cells to ECM	Hemidesmosomes via Integrins and Laminins * - Desmosomes connect cells with each other and are composed of CADHERIN family proteins Demoglein and Desmocollin
	cDNA vs Genomic DNA libraries	Genomic DNA libraries - Made from all DNA within an organism's nuclei cDNA library - Made only from DNA that was copied from mRNA by reverse transcriptase. So only transcribed genes/DNA will be contained within the cDNA
	Fumarate is involved in which 2 pathways?	TCA & Urea cycle
	Fistula vs Sinus tract	Fistula is open at both ends Sinus tract is closed at one end
	Common infection in Contact lens wearers	Acanthomeba
	Calculating pH and H+	pH = -log[H+] [H+] = 10^(-pH)
	Chromosome numbers during mitosis	Prophase & Metaphase: Before split, there is still only 46 Anaphase & Telophase: After split, there are 92 chromosomes which are later divided *- However, all mitotic phases have 92 chromaTIDs after S phase Replication
	Hepatobiliary triangle	aka Cystohepatic triangle - Common bile duct medially, Cystic duct inferiorly, Cystic artery superiorly - Also called Calot's triangle and contains Calot's node which becomes enlarged and removed during gall bladder inflammation
	Erythropoiesis changes	- Decrease in cell size - Increase in Cell Acidophilia because there is a loss of RNA and DNA
	Nissl body	Rough ER in Neurons and makes proteins
	Pituicytes	Glial cells in the Posterior pituitary, Neurohypophysis
	Location of Broca's area and Wernicke's	Broca - Frontal lobe Wernicke - Temporal and Parietal meeting at Sylvian fissure
	Most variable cell phase	G1
	Respiratory conduction	Conducting zone: Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles *- Bronchioles no longer contain cartilage Respiratory zone - Respiratory bronchiole - Alveolar duct
	Protein structure and bonds	Primary - Covalent Secondary - Alpha helix, beta strands/sheets. Hydrogen Bond Tertiary - 3d Structure. Mainly Hydrophobic interactions, but ionic, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds are involved Quaternary - Same as tertiary
	Miliary TB and Cancer spreading routes	Miliary TB and Sarcomas spread via Blood Carcinomas tend to spread via lymph
	Types of neurons	Unipolar - Sensory of the PNS Bipolar - Special sensory Pseudounipolar - Dorsal root ganglion sensory cells Multipolar - Motor and Interneurons
	Nucleus postulated to serve as gate control system for Pain	Substantia Gelatinosa
	Ossification centers	Primary - Usually only one ossification center in diaphysis of long bones. However, bones like the Os Coxa and vertebra can have multiple primary ossification centers Secondary - Usually occurs in Epiphysis
	Zones of epiphyseal plate	Resting cartilage - Normal hyaline cartilage Proliferation - Rapid mitosis into Stacks Hypertrophy/Maturation - contain glycogen and secrete alkaline phosphate Calcification - Chodrocytes are dying leaving cavities Ossification - Osteoblast invasion
	Energy use	Light or moderate excercise - Fats are the primary energy source Heavy excercise - Primarily uses carbohydrates for 30min or more
	Folic acid cofactor	Used in synthesis of all Purines and Thymidine - Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase to prevent formation of THF
	Disinfectant Spectrum and mechanism	GCIPQ - Glutaraldehyde/Formaldehyde - Crosslink proteins - Chlorine - Iodophor - Phenolics - Leakage, Uncoupling? - Quaternary ammonium compounds - Membrane damage
	Asterixis	Tremor of the wrist when extended - Sign of Hepatic Encephalopathy - Other signs of Liver failure include Gynecomastia, Hypoalbuminema and Spider telangectasia *- Mallory bodies are involved in alcoholic hepatits and NOT liver failure
	Staph Aureus Virulence factors	Profective: Protein A - Binds to Fc portion of IgG to prevent phagocytosis Coagulase - forms a fibrin coat around the bacteria to inhibit phagocytosis Hemolysins - 4 types alpha,beta, gamma, delta, to destroy all types of white/red cells Leukocidins - Destroy leukocytes Penicillinase & Novel penicillin binding protein Tissues Hyaluronidase - Proteoglycans Staphylokinase - Lyses fibrin Lipase Protease Attack: Exofoliatin Enterotoxins TSST
	Candida characteristics	Chlamydospores Pseudohyphae with budding yeast cells
	Mandibular odontogenic infections	Incisors: Submental Space Premolars - Sublingual space Molars - Submandibular space *- Above the mylohyoid is sublingual, below is submandibular
	Cyanosis	Caused by an abundance of Reduced/Deoxy Hemoglobin - Patients with anemia may not have cyanosis even if they are hypoxic
	Methylxanthines	Caffine & Theophylline - Enhances Glucagon effects through inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterase - Thus increasing intracellular cAMP
	Creatinine	Breakdown product of Creatine phosphate in muscle - Freely filtered and slightly secreted in PCT - NOT reabsorbed so can be used to estimate GFR
	NAD and FAD	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide *- Both have Adenine
	ICAM-1	Endothelial cells receptor for the LFA-1 integrin on leukocytes - Stimulated by IL-1 and TNFa - ICAM-1 is exploited by Rhinovirus *- VCAM is also stimulated by IL-1 and TNFa and binds VLA-4
	Hypersensitivity involving complement	Type 2 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cyto-toxicity - Something binds to cellular receptor and host cells are recognized as foreign - Antibodies fix complement to destroy cells
	C5 section	Denervation of Rhomboid major and Minor - Dorsal scapular nerve from C5 in the Brachial plexus serves these two muscles
	Briges-Good syndrome	Chronic granulomatous disease - Defect in NADPH oxidase complex - Neutrophils that do not produce Superoxide
	Tic Douloureux	Trigeminal Neuralgia
	Bisphosphonate Side effects	BRONJ Hypocalcemia Esophageal ulceration
	Nerve most likely injured in Condylar neck fracture	Chorda Tympani
	Tardive Dyskinesia	Supersensitivity to Dopamine - Repetitive, involuntary movements - Difficulty NOT moving
	Taurodontism	Failure of Root sheath invagination in molars - Pulp chamber is enlarged apically at the expense of root length
	Dens Evaginatus	Talon cusps - Most often found in maxillary lateral incisors and Premolars
	Musculocutaneous nerve path	Branch of the Lateral cord - Pierces Coracobrachialis and travels between the Bisceps Brachii and Brachialis, Innervating all 3
	Rate limiting enzyme in Alcohol metabolism	Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase - Alcohol dehydrogenase acts fast causing a buildup of Acetaldehyde which is degraded slowly
	Microtubule function and comparisons	Make up Microvilli in intestines, lymphocytes, taste buds, etc. - Composed of Actin microfilaments - 9+2 microtubules are found in Cilia and Flagella - 9 Triplets of microtubules are in Centrioles
	Seminiferous Tubules	Location of sperm production - Sertoli cells form Blood testes barrier - Sperm production takes about 4 wks
	Main theory for tooth eruption	Cells and fibers from the developing PDL help pull the tooth into eruption
	Found between the Superior and Middle constrictors	Stylopharyngeus Glossopharyngeal nerve Stylohyoid ligament
	Black areas in tooth section under microscope	Interglobular dentin is lost when a tooth is sectioned - Air fills these areas and appear black under microscopy
	F and G actin	Major component of Cytoskeleton and highly conserved in all Eukaryotes - An Actin polymer with proteins is a microfilament - F actin is the Helical Filamentous polymer of Globular G-actin subunits - ATP binds to G-actin and forms filaments - ATP is hydrolyzed and become stable ADP-F-actin
	Clearance equation	Cs = (Urine S*Vof urine)/Plasma S
	Controlling intracellular Ca+	Uses the Na+ gradient and Sodium/Calcium counterport to get Calcium out
	Regulation of Fatty Acid synthesis	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the rate limiting enzyme - Requires presence of Citrate or Isocitrate which allows activation of the enzyme
	Mucin	O-linked oligosaccharides/Glycoproteins that are negatively charged due to Sialic acid residues - Protein assumes an extended state to form viscous solution
	The quantity of urine produced depends on?	Length of loops of henle - Desert animals have very long loops
	Phosphophoryn	Phosphoprotein identified in actively synthesizing odontoblasts and in dentin - High affinity for calcium and Type 1 collagen
	Carboxyl group transfers	Coenzyme A is a Thiol and can react with Carboxyl groups to form a Thioester and function as an acyl group carrier
	Normal WBC and RBC count	WBC - 7k/microLiter RBC - 5.2million/microLiter
	Artificial Sweeteners	Saccharin - Has no nutritional value and much sweeter than sucrose Xylitol - As sweet as sucrose and has 2/3 the energy
	Lineweaver plot	X intercept = -1/Km Y intercept = 1Vmax Slope = Km/Vmax
	Catarrhal reaction	Inflammation of a mucous membrane especially in air passages of head and pharynx - Discharge of mucus - Usually caused by Rhinovirus or common cold
	Saddle embolus	At bifurcation of right and left pulmonary arteries - Causes sudden death
	Candidiasis types	Acute pseudomembranous - Most common Acute atrophic - Marked erythema and depapillation on tongue. Burning sensation on tongue due to long term antibiotics or HIV Chronic atrophic - On hard palate under denture. Poor denture hygiene. Burning sensation Chronic hyperplastic - White plaque that is firmly adherent
	Anasarca	Generalized swelling or Massive edema - Seen in severely ill people, *NOT seen in CHF
	Lysosome in process of cell death	Act mainly to autolyze necrotic cells during cell death
	Bacterial virulence factors that are carried by phage particles	Staph - Enterotoxin & Pyrogenic toxin S. Pneumoniae capsule Diptheria toxin
	Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis, and Blastomycosis differences	Histoplasma - Mild generalized yeast infection mimicking TB Blastomycosis and Coccidioides usually infect lungs
	Zygomycosis	aka Mucormycosis Caused by Mucor or Rhizopus molds from environment with Non-septae hyphae - Characterized by proliferation in walls of blood vessels of the sinuses, lungs, or gut resulting in tissue necrosis - Also cause Rhinocerebral disease in diabetics. Infects nasal mucosa, plate, sinuses, orbit, and even brain
	Astrocytoma	Brain tumor from Astrocytes - Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and most aggressive type - Low grade type is seen in kids while high grade is found in adults. Thus, GBM is usually seen in adults
	Meckel's diverticulum	Remnant of the Omphalomesenteric/Vitillin duct - True congenital diverticulum located in the distal ileum - Usually asymptomatic but can present with Diverticulitis mimicking Appendicitis
	Breast cancer risk factors	Strongest risk factory is Family history - Others include obesity, age, early menarche, older age giving birth *- There is an increased risk of woman never bore children, but no associated risk for having many children
	Glomerulonephritis damage	Generally caused by Neutrophils reacting to Immune complexes
	Chronic bleeding effects	Chronic blood loss can cause loss of iron resulting in iron deficiency anemia
	Urobilinogen	Colorless product of bilirubin metabolism by bacteria in the GI tract. Later formed into Stercobilin - Urobilinogen is low during Cholelithiasis *- Four Fs of Cholelithiasis, Fat, Fertile, Female, Fourty
	Most common AIDS neoplasms	Kaposi's sarcona & Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
	Mycosis Fungoides	A type of Non-Hodgekins' lymphoma and is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - NOT caused by a fungus - Characterized unusual CD4 T cells
	ARDS	Progressive hypoxemia due to inflammation and accumulation of fluids in the alveoli - Can follow pulmonary disease such as viral pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, or systemic illnesses such as sepsis. - Can also be due to heroin overdose or inhaling high concentrations of toxins or 100% Oxygen *- ARDS is NOT caused by cigarette smoking
	Typhoid fever	Caused by Salmonella typhi - People who had typhoid fever continue to carry bacteria and is shed in the Feces - Asymptomatic carriers is major hazard of Typhoid fever
	Thickness of Articular disk	Thickest at the Posterior Thinnest in the middle
	Mandibular plate thickness	Anterior, its thinner on facial Posteriorly, Mandibular plate is thinner on lingual
	Mistaken for Calculus on clinical exam	Enamel pearl - Has a little dentin and pulp core - Due to misplaced ameloblasts
	Maxillary lateral vs Maxillary central	Lateral has smaller crown width and length but may have an equal or longer root length
	Serous Demilunes	Found in mixed glands - Demilunes are an artifact of preparation - Demilunes are SEROUS glands that poped out due to preparation
	Osteonectin	Acidic Glycoprotein that binds Sodium, Calcium and Collagen in bone formation
	Conduction vs Convection	Conduction - General heat transfer Convection - Head transfer through a liquid or gasses, but not through solids
	Alpha-Keto-Acids	Converted from Amino acids and can be used for energy or fatty acid synthesis
	Carcinoids	Rare Neuroendocrine neoplasms derived from Neural crest cells - Found in lungs, thymus, GI and Ovary - Most commonly found in GI - Produces 5-Hydroxy-indole-Acetic Acid 5-HIAA, a metabolite of Serotonin
	Squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelium	Chronic Bronchitis
	State of Fluctuating levels of consciousness or coma	Subdural Hematoma - Slower onset due to lower pressure in veins
	Ciprofloxacin	A Flouroquinolone - Inhibits DNA gyrase - Broad spectrum *-Nalidixic acid also inhibits DNA gyrase
	Rifampicin	Blods DNA dependent RNA polymerase - Blocks Transcription
	Ethambutol	Blocks TB cell wall synthesis
	Cryptococcus Virulence factor and Diagnosis	Polysaccharide capsule - Can be tested for to diagnose - Can also use Indian ink stain to show Yeast cells with Halo
	Natural Killer cell Activation	IL-2,12,15
	Unconjugated Bilirubin	Seen in Hemolytic anemias - Heme is converted into Unconjugated bilirubin in reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen and sent to liver on Albumin *- Biliary obstruction will only have increase in Conjugated bilirubin
	Ethylene oxide Mechanism	Ethylene oxide - Inactivates DNA
	Base Analogues	Cause Inversion mutations - Entire sections of DNA is reversed
	Transition vs Transversion	Transition - Exchanging Purine for Purine or Pyrimidine for Pyrimidine Transversion - Exchanging Purine for Pyrimiding & Vice versa
	Prausnitz-Küstner test	Previous immune test done by injecting infected serum into another healthy person - Transmits many diseases
	Strep Serotyping	Beta hemolytic strep can be serotyped based on Cell wall carbohydrate Strep Pyogenes is serotyped using M protein
	Myxoma	Tumor of Primitive Connective Tissue - Most common primary tumor of heart in adults
	Calcification of 3rd molars	Mandibular 8-10 yrs Maxillary 7-9yrs
	Protrusive in class II	Mandibular canine will articulate with Maxillary Canine & Lateral incisor
	Heat Labile vs Stabile	Endotoxins are heat Stabile while Exotoxins are Labile
	Obligate vs Faculative Anaerobes	Obligate - Lack Superoxide Dismutase Faculative - Lack Catalase. Strep
	Antiphagocytic Capsule of B. Anthracis	Composed of D glutamate instead of Polysaccharide
	Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell patients	Salmonella
	Urease producers	Proteus, H. Pylori, Klebsiella, Ureaplasma - Creates an Alkaline environment
	Cold Agglutinins	IgM used to test for Mycoplasma Pneumoniae - #1 cause of pneumonia in young adults - Atypical/Walking Pneumonia - Smallest bacteria to infect humans
	Checking HIV infection	Antibody to gp120 glycoprotein is used to measure course of the disease - Lower antibody is bad Level of Capsomere protein p24 is used to determine the virus load in the blood
	HPV oral lesions	Pedunculated growth on Hard palate
	Negri bodies	Eosinophilic stains of Nerve cells infected by Rabies - Especially in Hippocampus
	Pluripotent stem cell derivatives in blood	Lymphoid stem cell - Gives rise to B cell, T cell and NK cells Myeloid Stem cell - Gives rise to everything else
	Antibody structure	- Light chain constant region is either Kappa or Gamma - Heavy chain constant region determins Allotype Antigen binding sites are at the amino end Chains are linked by disulfide bonds
	Tetracyclin Staining	Found histologically in Dentin - Do not give to children under 8
	Antivirals to know	Gangcyclovir - Inhibits DNA polymerase. Use for CMV Zidovudine/AZT - Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Interferons a,b,g - Interfere with viral protein synthesis. Treat Hair cell leukemia, Kaposi sarcoma, & Condyloma acuminatum
	Most commonly prescribed topical antifungals	Clotriamzole - in Troche form Nystatin - Rinse
	Delirium Tremens	Alcohol Withdrawal syndrome
	Romana Sign	Unilateral swelling of the eyelid - Sign of Chaga's disease caused by the American Trypanosome Cruzi
	Empyema	Purulent exudate with bacterial or fungal seeding of the pleural space - Yellow-green pus
	Adult polycystic Kidney disease	Liver cysts Berry aneurysms - Anterior cerebral bifurcation Renal cysts
	Diffuse vs Global	Glomerularnephritis chracterizations Diffuse - All glomerulus is affected vs Focal Global - Affects entire glomerulus, vs Segmental
	Plasmapheresis	Used to remove Ag-Ab complexes - Can treat some Type 2 and Type 3 hypersensitivities
	DNP	2,4 Dinitrophenol - Uncoupler - Asprin is also an Uncoupling agent. Overdose causes Fever - Also Thermogenin in Brown Fat
	Hexokinase vs Glucokinase	Hex - In muscles - Places a hex on glucose. - Decreased Km and Vmax Glucokinase - Increased Km and Vmax
	Phospholipid synthesis	ATP phosphorylates CTP activates CDP-Ethanolamine combines with DAG to form Phosphatidylethanolamine
	Arginase	Cleaves Urea from Arginine Found in Brain, Liver, Kidneys
	Shine-Delgarno Sequence	Ribosomal binding site on mRNA located 8 base pairs up from the AUG starting position
	Most common immune deficiency and Enzyme deficiency	IgA deficiency G6P Dehydrogenase deficiency is X-linked recessive. Most common human enzyme deficiency more common in blacks due to increased malaria resistance
	Duodenum and Ileum absorption	Calcium, Iron, Folate is absorbed in Duodenum Bile and B12 is absorbed in Ileum
	Cardiac index	CO/Body's surface area
	Propylthiouracil	Thyroperoxidase inhibitor - Used to treat hyperthyroidism like in Graves disease
	Ryanodine receptor	Receptor that mediates release of calcium during muscle contraction
	Cytosolic protein synthesis	Proteins destined for the Cytosol, Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Peroxisome are completed in Cytosol Proteins destined for the RER, SER, Golgi, Lysosome, Plasma membrane or secretion must bind to a signal recognition peptide and complete translation on RER-bound ribosome
	Gastrulation	Formation of all 3 germ layers - When bilaminar disc, Prechoradal plate & Primitive streak, is converted to the Trilaminar disc
	Epiblast & Hypoblast	Epiblast lines the Amniotic cavity Hypoblasts line the Yolk sac
	Passive immunity through placenta	Diphtheria, Smallpox, Measles are protected Maternal antibodies do NOT protect against Chickenpox or Whopping Cough
	Cranial bones from Endochondral	Ethmoid Sphenoid Mandibular Condyle *- Catilage does NOT turn into bone, it is REPLACED by bone
	Sinus Venerum	Smooth part of Right atrium - Formed from Sinus Venosus and receives blood from the great vessels
	Croup	Inflammation of the False vocal cords/ Vestibular Lamina - Caused by Parainfluenza virus
	Canal of Schlemm	Becomes Narrow or Obstructed in Glaucoma
	Perilymph vs Endolymph	Perilymph - Inside Bony Labyrinth. Hearing Endolymph - Inside Membranous Labyrinth. Balance
	Gag reflex	Up Glossopharyngeal unilaterally Down Vagus Bilaterally
	Cerebellum layers from Outside In	Cortex: Molecular layer - Outer layer composed of Basket and Stellate cells. Also contains Parallel fibers of Granule cells Purkinje layer - Middle layer composed of a single layer of Purkinje cells Granular layer - Innermost cortex and contains Golgi type neurons, Glomeruli, Granule cells that project parallel fibers in the Molecular layer. *Only excitatory layer Inner White matter
	Fibers projecting to Cerebellum	Mossy fibers - Excitatory from Spinal cord, Pons, or Vestibular nuclei Climbing Fibers - Excitatory fibers from Inferior Olivary nucleus of Medulla
	Fava beans	Can inhibit G6P Dehydrogenase complex - Leading to low NADPH and inability to maintain RBC membrane integrity
	Cytoskeleton	Actin/Micro Filaments - Intestinal Villi Intermediate Filaments - Keratins, Desmins, Laminines. For Cell Junctions Microtubules - Cilia & Flagella 9+2 structure
	Silver Staining	Legionella Fungi like Pneumocystis Carinni
	Obligate Aerobes and Anaerobes	- Nagging Pests Must Breathe Nocardia Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacillus - Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces
	Obligate and Faculative Intracellular	Obligate Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Histoplasma? Faculative: Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacuLatively Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella
	Colon cancer Metastasis	To Liver
	Acute Angle Branching	Aspergillus
	Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Scleroderma	Xeroderma Pigmentosum - Defective Nucleotide Excision repair resulting in many freckles and severe sunburns. Build up of Pyrimidine dimers Scleroderma - systemic sclerosis due to antibodies against DNA-Topoisomerase. Excessive fibrosis and edema of the skin.

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