Classification

Front 1

What are the characteristics of viruses?

Back 1

a. Non living particle.
b. Has DNA or RNA (not both).
c. Surrounded by a protein capsid.
d. Cannot reproduce on its own, must use a host cell.
e. Ex: Influenza, Rhinoviruses (cause common cold), Polio, Ebola, Herpes, HIV.

Front 2

Identify the stages of the lytic cycle?

Back 2

a. Adsorption (attaches to the outside of the cell).
b. Entry (genetic material is injected into the host cell).
c. Replication (the genetic material is copied and used to build proteins).
d. Assembly (the pieces of virus are put together to build more viruses).
e. Release (the newly assembled viruses break out of the host cell).

Front 3

How is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle?

Back 3

a. Genes of the virus join the genes of the host cell after Entry stage.
b. There can be a prolonged delay after infection before symptoms occur, or there can be recurring outbreaks (think of HIV > AIDS, or repeated Herpes outbreaks).

Front 4

Describe the characteristics of Kingdoms Eubacteria/ Archaebacteria?

Back 4

a. Prokaryotic (no nucleus).
b. Microscopic/ Unicellular.
c. Have a cell wall.
d. Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
e. Reproduce asexually by Binary Fission.
f. Make new gene combinations by Conjugation.
g. Ex: E. coli, Salmonella typhosis, Staphlococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera.

Front 5

Describe the characteristics and examples of Kingdom Protista?

Back 5

a. Eukaryotic (do not have a nucleus to protect their DNA).
b. Cell wall.
c. Autotrophic (the algae) or heterotrophic (the protozoa).
d. Unicelular (mostly) or multicellular (a few, like Sea Kelp).
e. Ex: Algae, Sea Kelp, Malaria parasite (plasmodium).

Front 6

Describe the characteristics and examples of Kingdom Fungi?

Back 6

a. Eukaryotic (do have a nucleus to protect their DNA).
b. Cell wall made of chitin.
c. Store extra sugars as glycogen (carbohydrates).
d. Always Heterotrophic (no photosynthesis in this Kingdom).
e. Mostly multicellular, a few are unicellular (yeast).
f. Reproduce asexually and sexually.
g. Ex: Bread mold, mushrooms (morels, portabellas, chantrelles, shitake), yeast, athletes foot, ringworm.

Front 7

Describe the characteristics and examples of Kingdom Plantae?

Back 7

a. Eukaryotic (do have a nucleus to protect their DNA).
b. Cell walls made of cellulose (thats the fiber in our diets).
c. Store extra sugars as starch (carbohydrate).
d. Always multicellular.
e. Autotrophic/ can perform photosynthesis (have chloroplasts and mitochondria)
f. Reproduce sexually and asexually.

Front 8

Describe the characteristics and examples of Kingdom Animalia?

Back 8

a. Eukaryotic (do have a nucleus to protect DNA).
b. No cell wall.
c. Always multicellular.
d. Heterotrophic (no photosynthesis in this Kingdom).
e. Store extra sugars as glycogen (carbohydrate).
f. Reproduce sexually and rarely asexually.

Front 9

What is a dichotomous key?

Back 9

A series of questions that allow you to identify organisms.

Front 10

Identify (list) the hierarchical classification sequence from least to most and most to least?

Back 10

least to most: Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species.

most to least: Species-Genus-Family-Order-Class-Phylum-Kingdom-Domain.

Front 11

Why do scientist use Latin for classification?

Back 11

a. Latin is the basis of all European languages.
b. Latin is a very descriptive language.
c. Latin was in use by scientists since the 1600's or earlier.
d. Latin is a dead language so its not changing.

Front 12

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

Back 12

a. Gram positive bacteria have one layer of cell wall so they are easier to kill with antibiotics and typically do not make toxins.
b. gram negative bacteria have two layers in their cell wall so they are more difficult to kill with antibiotics and often release endotoxins (poisons).

Front 13

Antibiotics effect the growth of which microorganism(s)?

Back 13

Bacteria! Not Viruses!!

Front 14

What are vaccines and how do they work?

Back 14

Vaccines are either pieces of viruses or disabled/ nonfunctional viruses that can be given to people so that they will not get the infection. The vaccine causes the immune system to build antibodies against that virus so that when the person gets exposed, they are able to fight the infection.

Front 15

The study of classification of organisms.

Back 15

Taxonomy.

Front 16

The study of evolutionary relationships between species.

Back 16

Phylogeny.

Front 17

To cause a cell to burst open (such as when they are full of new viruses).

Back 17

Lyse.

Front 18

Can cause disease.

Back 18

Virulent.

Front 19

Need to, must.

Back 19

Obligate.

Front 20

Must have oxygen in order to do cellular respiration (which is necessary to get energy from sugars).

Back 20

Obligate Aerobe.

Front 21

Must not have oxygen, it is toxic to these cells (such as bacteria that live in our guts).

Back 21

Obligate Anaerobe.

Front 22

Works (can do cellular respiration) with or without oxygen.

Back 22

Facultative anaerobe.

Front 23

A way for bacteria to exchange genes so that there offspring have new combinations of traits (a substitute for sexual reproduction).

Back 23

Conjugation.

Front 24

Do not cause disease.

Back 24

Temperate viruses.

Front 25

Infects a host to obtain nutrition.

Back 25

Parasite.

Front 26

Feeds on others, cannot make own food, cannot perform photosynthesis.

Back 26

Heterotroph.

Front 27

Feeds on dead or rotten materials, examples include fungus.

Back 27

Saprotroph.

Front 28

Feeds self/ can make own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Back 28

Autotroph.

Front 29

An autotroph that makes own sugars using chemicals for energy rather than light, so it is not photosynthesis.

Back 29

Chemotroph.

Front 30

Asexual reproduction performed by bacteria and protista.

Back 30

Binary Fission.

Front 31

A gel of nutrients and sugars that can be used to grow bacteria for scientific purposes.

Back 31

Nutrient Agar.

Front 32

Describe the difference between protozoans and algae?

Back 32

a. Algae are photosynthetic (autotrophic) protists.
b. Protozoans are heterotrophic protists.

Front 33

Why are common names not good for classification (be able to give examples)?

Back 33

a. They can be misleading, suggesting the wrong information such as crayfish, jellyfish, and starfish that are not fish.
b. They vary by region, so that one organism may have many names or one name can be used for more than one organism, such as mountain lions, cougars, pumas, panthers.

Front 34

Why are Fungi not considered plants?

Back 34

a. They are heterotrophic like animals, not autotrophic like plants.
b. They have a cell wall made of chitin, not cellulose like plants do.
c. They store their extra sugars as glycogen like animals do, not as starch like plants.

Front 35

Describe 4 Examples of how bacteria benefit humans?

Back 35

a. Digest sewage and dead organisms which recycle nutrients back into the soil.
b. Digests oil spills which cleans up habitats, reduces dangerous pollution.
c. Helps us digest our food and provides us with vitamin K.
d. Are used in the production of cheese and yogurt.
e. Can be genetically engineered to produce insulin for people with diabetes, or to produce hormones or other medications for sick people.

Front 36

Describe 4 examples of how fungi benefit humans?

Back 36

a. They are decomposers so they break down waste and dead organisms which recycles the nutrients back into the soil.
b. Antibodies were first found in fungus: Amoxicillin, Penicillin, Ampicillin.
c. We eat many mushrooms such as portabellas, morels, chantrelles, shitakes, porcini, etc.
d. We use yeast to produce bread, beer, and wine.
e. We use yeast in genetic engineering and medical research.

Front 37

What is a pathogen ? Be able to give specific bacterial and viral examples?

Back 37

a. A pathogen is anything that causes disease.
b. Bacterial Ex: Salmonella, Staphlococcus, Streptococcus, Vibrio cholerae.
c. Viral Ex: Ebola, Influenza, Poli, Chicken Pox, Small pox, HIV, Hepatitis.

Front 38

Describe binomial nomenclature?

Back 38

A two name naming system that uses the Genus and species of the classification hierarchy to provide a universal name for each organism.

Front 39

Be able to correctly write the human scientific name?

Back 39

Homo sapien

Front 40

Which Kingdom(s) are eukaryotic?

Back 40

Protista, Fungi, Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals).

Front 41

Which Kingdoms(s) contain unicellular organisms?

Back 41

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungus.

Front 42

Which Kingdom(s) contain photosynthetic organisms?

Back 42

Archae- and Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae.

Front 43

Which Kingdoms(s) only contain heterotrophs?

Back 43

Fungus, Animals (Animalia)

Front 44

Which Kingdom(s) organisms all have cell walls?

Back 44

Archae- and Eubacteria, Protista, Fungus, Plantae.

Front 45

Which Kingdom(s) organisms do NOT have cell walls?

Back 45

Animalia.

Front 46

Which Kingdom(s) have only multicellular organisms?

Back 46

Plantae and Animalia.

Front 47

Which Kingdom(s) contain Animals?

Back 47

Animalia! (They all contain living organisms though).

Front 48

To which Kingdom do molds belong?

Back 48

Fungus.

Front 49

To which Kingdom do algae belong?

Back 49

Protista.

Front 50

Animal is what?

Back 50

Animalia.

Front 51

Plant is what?

Back 51

Plantae.