Class 7

Front 1

Ht

Back 1

Height

Front 2

Wt

Back 2

Weight

Front 3

HC

Back 3

Head Circumference

Front 4

OFC

Back 4

Occipitofrontal circumference

is the measurement from the front of the head (frontal) to the back of the head (occipital).

Front 5

N/C

Back 5

No Change

Front 6

Plagiocephaly

Back 6

Flat head syndrome. It is characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head. Plagiocephaly develops when an infant’s rapidly growing head attempts to expand, and meets some type of resistance— either prenatally in the mother’s womb, or after delivery because the baby’s head is pressed against a bed or other flat resting surface.

Front 7

Brachycephaly

Back 7

l Brachycephaly is a disproportionate shortness of the head. The cephalic index of the cranium is over 80. This congenital malformation is caused by premature closure of the coronal suture that results in excessive lateral growth of the head. This lateral growth is what gives the head a disproportionate short and broad appearance.

Front 8

Dolichocephaly (Scaphocephaly)

Back 8

Condition where the head is longer, relative to its width, than would be expected. The cephalic index of the cranium is 75 or less, the lower the cephalic index, the longer the skull is. This malformation is caused by the premature closure of the sagittal sutures, preventing the skull from expanding in width, resulting in a long, narrow, and boat-shaped appearance of the skull. This can result in increased pressure on the growing brain, leading to brain impairment and mental retardation, ranging from mild to severe.

Front 9

Turricephaly

Back 9

Tall head relative to width and length. Turricephaly is present when the head appears tall and head length and width are reduced compared to normal age-related standards.

Front 10

Microcephaly

Back 10

Features a very small head and brain. Infants with microcephaly have a small CF and is usually due to the brain not developing properly in utero. Microcephaly can be caused by multiple factors including exposure to intrauterine infections, intrauterine teratogen exposure (such as alcohol in fetal alcohol syndrome), chromosomal abnormalities (seen in trisomy 13 or 18), and genetic syndromes (seen in Fanconi or Williams syndrome). Microcephaly causes mild to moderate intellectual disability and developmental delays. However, with early intervention, skills like speech and language can be useful to improving quality of life.

Front 11

Macrocephaly (Megalecephaly)

Back 11

Occurs when the head is abnormally large. Macrocephaly may be pathologic, but many people with an unusually large skull are healthy. Pathologic macrocephaly may be due to megalencephaly (enlarged brain), hydrocephalus (excess water in the brain), cranial hyperostosis (bone overgrowth), and many genetic conditions including autism, Cowden disease, NF type 1, and tuberous sclerosis.

Front 12

Hydrocephaly

Back 12

An abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. The fluid is often under increased pressure and can compress and damage the brain.

Front 13

Sutures

Back 13

Sutures are fibrous material that holds together the bony plates that the skull is composed of. As seen below, there are two frontal bones, parietal bones, and an occipital bone. Between each of those bone plates are not only the anterior and posterior fontanelles, but also the sutures that hold them in place. The metopic suture runs between both frontal bones, conoral sutures run between both frontal and both pariental bones, the sagittal suture run between both parietal bones holding them together and the lambdoid suture connects the occipital bone to both parietal plates.

Front 14

Metopic

Back 14

A metopic suture is when the frontal suture of the skull fails to close completely or partially in childhood. The frontal suture is a naturally occurring division of the skull in babies and children that normally grows together and disappears by age 8.

Front 15

Coronal

Back 15

This is any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections. Also known as the frontal plane (see the above picture featuring skull sutures for reference).

Front 16

Sagittal

Back 16

In terms of the skull sutures, the sagittal suture runs along the top of the skull so that it divides it into right and left portions. The two parietal bone plates meet at the sagittal suture

Front 17

Lambdoidal

Back 17

Suture on the posterior part of the skull that connects the parietal with the occipital bone. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast, deformities may occur. If the lambdoidal suture closes too soon on one side, the skull will appear twisted and asymmetrical.

Front 18

Fontanelle (AF, PF)

Back 18

This is a space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed. The fontanelle in the back of the head (posterior fontanelle) most often closes by the time an infant is 1 to 2 months old.The fontanelle at the top of the head (anterior fontanelle) most often closes between 7 to 19 months.

Front 19

PERRL

Back 19

this is an abbreviation for pupils equal, round, react to light, accommodation. These components are evaluated while assessing the eyes during a physical examination and nervous system function (especially following a head injury or during a serious illness).

Front 20

EOMs

Back 20

Extraocular muscles are the six muscles that control eye movement. The action of the six muscles responsible for eye movement depend on the position of the eye at the time of muscle contraction

Front 21

Irides

Back 21

Plural of Iris. These are the circular pigmented membranes behind the cornea of the eye that gives the eye its color. The iris surrounds a central opening called the pupil.

Front 22

Sclerae

Back 22

the sclera is the tough white fibrous outer layer of the eyeball. It is continuous and covers the whole eyeball except for the cornea.

Front 23

Helix

Back 23

The incurved rim of the external ear.

Front 24

Anthelix

Back 24

This is an elevated ridge of cartilage anterior and roughly parallel to the posterior portion of the helix of the external ear.

Front 25

Lobule

Back 25

A small lobe. Relating to an ear, it is the fleshy pendulous part.

Front 26

Tragus

Back 26

The prominence on the inner side of the external ear. In front of and partly closing the passage to the organs of hearing.

Front 27

Antragus

Back 27

The antragus is located just above the earlobe and points anteriorly. It is separated from the tragus by the intertragic notch.

Front 28

Preauricular

Back 28

Located anterior to the auricle/pinna of the ear. Preauricular cysts, pits, fissures and sinuses are all congenital malformations of this soft tissue. The sinus tract runs need the preauricle of the ear.

Front 29

Malar

Back 29

Of or relating to the cheek or cheekbone

Front 30

Maxilla

Back 30

There are two maxilla bones that form the upper jaw and palate of the mouth. The two halves are fused at the intermaxillary suture to form the upper jaw.

Front 31

Mandible

Back 31

The horseshoe-shaped bone forming the lower jaw. This portion of the jaw consists of central region that makes up the chin and lower teeth and two perpendicular portions (rami) that point upward from the back of the chin on both sides and articulate the temporal bones.

Front 32

Micrognathia

Back 32

Is a condition in which the lower jaw is undersized. It is a symptom of a variety of craniofacial conditions and may interfere with a child’s feeding and breathing. This condition often corrects itself during growth, however may be part of other genetic syndromes including Cri-du-chat syndrome, Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Turner syndrome, Trisomy 13/18, and more.

Front 33

Prognathism

Back 33

This is the positional relationship of the mandible and/or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull.

Front 34

Uvula

Back 34

The fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the throat. If there are any abnormalities in the uvula, it could be a sign that palate abnormalities may be present.

Front 35

Philtrum

Back 35

The vertical groove between the base of the nose and the border of the upper lip.

Front 36

Vermillion Border

Back 36

This is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip (red colored) and the adjacent normal skin. It represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or hair.

Front 37

Internipple Distance

Back 37

The internipple distance is a measurement taken between the centers of both nipples. Additionally, chest circumference is measured along the internipple line.

Front 38

Cor S1 and S2

Back 38

Cor is the latin word for heart.

S1 and S2: S1 is the first heart sound, and is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole.

S2 is the second heart sound and is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole.

Front 39

Core murmur

Back 39

Heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves. Murmurs can be classified by timing, shape, location, radiation, intensity, pitch, and equality.

Front 40

P and A

Back 40

Posterior and Anterior

Front 41

N/T and N/D

Back 41

N/T is an abbreviation for “nontender” and N/D is an abbreviation for “nondistended”. These terms are used when describing the nature of the abdomen.

Front 42

Visceromegaly

Back 42

Is the enlargement of the organs inside the abdomen, such as liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys, or pancreas.

Front 43

Presacral

Back 43

The presacral space is inside the pelvis, behind the rectum and in front of the coccyx and sacrum. Normally it is empty, or it contains a pocket of fat.

Front 44

Scoliosis

Back 44

Is an abnormal lateral/sideways curvature of the spine. Signs of scoliosis may include uneven shoulders, uneven waist or hips, and one shoulder blade more prominent than the other. It is unknown as to what causes most types of scoliosis-although it appears to involve hereditary factors. Less common types of scoliosis may be associated with neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy, birth defects that affect development of the spine, or injuries to or infections of the spine.

Front 45

Kyphosis

Back 45

Is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature). Conditions that can cause kyphosis could be osteoporosis, arthritis, spina bifidia, spinal infections of tumors, Scheuermann’s disease, or abnormal vertebrae development in utero.

Front 46

Lordosis

Back 46

The spine of an individual with lordosis curves significantly inward at the lower way. Commonly referred to as swayback. Numerous health problems or conditions may be the cause of lordosis, including achondroplasia, osteoporosis, obesity, or discitis.

Front 47

Dermatoglyphics

Back 47

Is the scientific study of fingerprints, lines, mounts, and shapes of hands. These are areas where hair usually doesn’t grow and these ridges allow for increased leverage when picking up objects. The fingerprints of both hands are not the same and do not change in size or shape throughout a person’s life.

Front 48

Palmar creases:

Back 48

The skin of a normal palm has three large creases. The distal transverse palmar crease runs near the top of palm and begins close to the little finger. The thenar transverse crease is the lowest on the palm and appears to run almost vertically. The proximal transverse palmar crease lies between the other two creases.

Front 49

Simian (transverse) crease

Back 49

The distal and proximal creases are not present. Instead, they combine to form one transverse palmar crease. This can be an indication of Down Syndrome, but is not diagnostic.

Front 50

Sydney line:

Back 50

The Sydney line can be recognized by the presence of an extended proximal transverse crease which crosses the full palm, combined with the presence of a normal distal transverse crease. Can indicate Down Syndrome, but is not diagnostic.

Front 51

Brachydactyly

Back 51

This inherited condition is characterized by the shortening of fingers and toes due to unusually short bones. Additionally, brachydactyly is a symptoms of other chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome.

Front 52

Clinodactyly

Back 52

Describes the curvature of a finger or toe in the plane of the palm. A common example of this if the fifth finger (“little finger”) towards the adjacent fourth finger (“ring finger”).

Front 53

DTRs

Back 53

Deep Tendon Reflexes. A brisk contraction of a muscle in response to a sudden stretch induced by a sharp tap by a finger or rubber hammer on the tendon of insertion of the muscle. Absence of the reflex may be caused by damage to the muscle, peripheral nerve, nerve roots, or spinal cord at that level. A hyperactive reflex may indicate disease of the pyramidal tract above the level of the reflex arc being tested. Generalized hyperactivity of DTRs may be caused by hyperthyroidism

Front 54

Cranial nerves:

Back 54

The cranial nerves are nerves that emerge and re-enter the skull (cranium). There are 12 cranial nerves, each with its own function (see below).