Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CRL |
Crown-rump length This is the measurement ofthe length of human embryos and fetuses from top of head (crown) to the bottomof the buttocks (rump). The CRL is used inultrasound imagery to estimate gestational age. |
|
|
BPD |
Biparietal diameter This is a basic biometricparameter used to assess fetal size. This is measured on an axial plane and hasbeen shown to be accurate in predicting gestational age and weight. A BPDshould be measured as early as possible after 13 weeks. A flat head can make aBPD much smaller than accepted so BPD has to be used with other biometricparameters such as head circumference. |
|
|
Midline Echo |
A midline echo representsthe medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere. It is considered “strong” whenthe head is occipito – transverse, which is how the fetus enters the pelvis.The midline echo gets less distinct the more the occiput rotates eitheranteriorly or posteriorly. |
|
|
CC |
One of the viewing axesused in fetal ultrasound. The CranioCaudal axis is used to visualize the fetal spine, nuchal fold, fetal profile,and CRL. |
|
|
AC |
Abdominal circumference This is another basicbiometric parameter to assess fetal size. Along with head circumference andfemur length, AC can produce some estimate of fetal weight. This is can be usedto also estimate gestational age and estimated date of delivery in the secondtrimester |
|
|
FL |
Femur Length FL is a mandatory fetalmeasurement in ultrasounds that is the length of the thighbone. In the lasttrimester, the longer the bone, the longer the length of the baby at birth.This is not an index of adult final growth |
|
|
Four Chamber VIew |
A normal FHR ranges between 120-160 beats per minute inthe utero period. It is measurable at around 6 weeks. The normal range variesduring gestation. |
|
|
Transverse |
A transverse imaging technique to obtain a cross-section through thebody or any part of the body structure in a horizontal plane fetal |
|
|
PA |
Posterior-Anterior (orAnterior/posterior axis). With CC, theseare the two cardinal axes for orientation of the fetus for anatomic measurement |
|
|
Lateral |
In anatomy, this is the side of the body or a body partthat is farther from the middle or center of the body. Typically it refers tothe outer side of any body part bu also can be used to describe the side of abody part. In radiology, this can also mean a lateral x-ray, which is takenfrom the side of a patient. |
|
|
Sagittal |
In anatomy, a sagittal plan is a vertical plane parallelto the median plan resulting in right and left portions. A mid-sagital plane splits the body in rightand left halves. |
|
|
FHR |
A normal FHR ranges between 120-160 beats per minute inthe utero period. It is measurable at around 6 weeks. The normal range variesduring gestation. |
|
|
Cephalad (Rostral) |
Direction toward the head |
|
|
Caudad |
Direction toward the tail or distal end. Opposite of Cephalad |
|
|
Echogenic |
Tissues that have ecogenicity in ultrasonography areecogenic. Ecogenicity is the ability to bounce an echo, e.g. return the signalin ultrasound examinations. Echogenicity is higher when the surface bouncingthe sound echo reflects increased sound waves. Tissues that have higherechogenicity are called "hyperechoic" and are usually representedwith lighter colors on images in medical ultrasonography. In contrast, tissueswith lower echogenicity are called "hypoechoic" and are usuallyrepresented with darker colors. Areas that lack echogenicity are called"anechoic" and are usually displayed as completely dark. For example,fetal tissues such as the brain and muscles are echogenic. Amniotic fluid andfluid in the nuchal region (at the back of the neck) are hypoechoic. Increasedhypoechoic area in the nuchal region is associated with chromosomalabnormalities such as T13, T18, and T21. Nuchal Translucency scan is performedfrom week 11 to week 13 + 6 days. |
|
|
Hypoechoic |
In ultrasonography, giving off few echoes; said oftissues or structures that reflect relatively few of the ultrasound wavesdirected at them. |
|
|
AFI |
Amniotic Fluid Index AFI is the score (expressed in cm) given to theamount of amniotic fluid seen on ultrasonography of a pregnant uterus. Todetermine the AFI, doctors may use a four-quadrant technique, when the deepest,unobstructed, vertical length of each pocket of fluid is measured in eachquadrant and then added up to the others, or the so-called "Single DeepestPocket" technique. An AFI between 8-18 is considered normal. Median AFIlevel is approximately 14 from week 20 to week 35, when the amniotic fluidbegins to reduce in preparation for birth. An AFI < 5-6 is considered asOligohydramnios. An AFI > 20-24 is considered as Polyhydramnios |
|
|
Omphalocele: |
An omphalocele is one of the abdominal body wall defects in which aninfant's intestine or other abdominal organs are outside of the body because ofa hole in the belly button (navel) area. The intestines are covered only by athin layer of tissue and can be easily seen. An omphalocele develops duringfetal development when muscles in the abdominal wall (umbilical ring) do notclose properly during 10-12 weeks gestation. Omphalocele occurs in 1/4000births and is associated with a high rate of mortality (25%) and severemalformations, such as cardiac anomalies (50%) and neural tube defect (40%).Approximately 10-12% of live-born infants with omphalocele have chromosomalabnormalities. Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13 are the most common chromosomalabnormalities associated with Omphalocele/p>K]C! |
|
|
Gastroschisis |
Gastroschisis is one of the abdominal body wall defectscharacterized by a defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which theabdominal contents freely protrude. The abdominal wall defect is located at thejunction of the umbilicus and normal skin, and is almost always to the right ofthe umbilicus. Unlike omphalocele where the protruding intestines are coveredby thin layer of peritoneum, there is no overlying sac or peritoneum, and thesize of the defect is usually less than 4 centimetres (1.6 in). Gastroschisisoccurs early during pregnancy when the muscles that make up the baby’sabdominal wall do not form correctly. Because the intestines are not covered ina protective sac and are exposed to the amniotic fluid, the bowel can becomeirritated, causing it to shorten, twist, or swell. Soon after the baby is born,surgery will be needed to place the abdominal organs inside the baby's body andrepair the abdominal wall. Even after the repair, infants with gastroschisiscan have problems with feeding, digestion of food, and absorption of nutrients.Gastroschisis occurs in 1/2000 births. Gastroschisis is usually not associatedwith chromosomal abnormalities. The cause is unknown, but it is associated withyounger maternal age and almost never occurs in mothers over 30 years of age. |
|
|
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome |
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowthdisorder usually present at birth, characterized by an increased risk ofchildhood cancer particularly a form of kidney cancer called Wilms tumor and aform of liver cancer called hepatoblastoma and certain congenital features.Common features used to define BWS are: macroglossia (large tongue), macrosomia(above average birth weight and length), midline abdominal wall defects(omphalocele/exomphalos, umbilical hernia, diastasis recti), ear creases or earpits, and neonatal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar after birth). BWS has anestimated incidence of one in 13,700. BWS has been shown to specificallyinvolve problems with a defined region on the short arm of chromosome 11 referredto as 11p15, that leads to overactivity of the IGF-2 gene (growth factor)and/or no active copy of CDKN1C (inhibitor of cell proliferation). Thefollowing managements are available for different symptoms of BWS: treatment ofhypoglycemia to reduce the risk of central nervous system complications;abdominal wall repair for omphalocele; endotracheal intubation for acompromised airway and use of specialized nipples or nasogastric tube feedingsto manage feeding difficulties resulting from macroglossia. Children withmacroglossia may benefit from tongue reduction surgery in infancy or earlychildhood and from speech therapy. Neoplasias are treated using standardpediatric oncology protocols. In addition to these treatments, the followingsurveillance is recommended: monitor for hypoglycemia, especially in theneonatal period; screen for embryonal tumors by abdominal ultrasoundexamination every three months until age eight years; monitor serumalpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration every two to three months in the firstfour years of life for early detection of hepatoblastoma.d |
|
|
AFAFP |
Amniotic Fluid Alpha-Fetoprotein The fetus normally excretes AFP intoits urine, hence into the amniotic fluid. A fetus with one of three broadcategories of defects also releases AFP by other means. These categories are:open neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, open ventralwall defects, such as omphalocele and gastroschisis, and skin diseases or otherfailure of the interior or exterior body surface such as congenital nephrosis.AF-AFP can be tested at 15-24 weeks gestation. Due to variability in the AFPlevels, the results are expressed as MoM. AF-AFP analysis can be used tofurther evaluate abnormal serum AFP levels identified during maternal serumscreening or abnormal ultrasound results. High AF-AFP level is automaticallyfollowed up by AChE testingtml>J]B |
