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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Group errors occur because of 2 main reasons: |
1. informational signals 2. reputational pressures |
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Informational Signals |
The problem is that groups often make errors when some members receive incorrect signals from other members |
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Reputational Pressures |
Lead people to silence themselves or change their views in order to avoid some penalty - often, merely the disapproval of others. |
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4 separate interrelated problems |
Amplifying Errors Cascading to the Wrong Answer Polarizing Groups Focusing on "What Everybody Knows" |
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Amplifying Errors |
groups do not merely fail to correct the errors of their members; they amplify them |
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cascade effects (cascading to the wrong answer) |
as group members follow the statements and actions of those who spoke or acted first |
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Polarized |
they become polarized, taking up positions more extreme than those they held before deliberations |
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Everybody knows already |
they focus on what everybody knows already and thus dont take into account critical information that only one or a few people may have |
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Making Groups Wiser |
a central goal in group decision making should be to ensure that groups aggregate the information their members actually have and don't let faulty informational signals and reputational pressures get in the way |
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6 ways of making groups wiser |
Leaders often promote self-censorship by expressing their own views early, thus discouraging disagreement. If you display a willingness and a desire to hear uniquely held information, it will allow everyone to make collective constructive conflicts that are cognitive.
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"Prime" Critical thinking |
priming: triggering some thought or association in a way to affect people's choices and behaviors. critical thinking tasks people share more ideas. |
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reward group success |
incentives can be restructured to reward group success, people often keep silent because they only receive a fraction of the benefits of disclosure |
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assign roles |
if a group wants to obtain information its members hold, they should be told before deliberations begin that each has a different and relevant role, or at least distinctive information to contribute |
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APPOINT A DEVIL'S ADVOCATE |
if hidden profiles and self-silencing are sources of group failure, a tempting approach is to ask some group members to act as a devil's advocate, urging a position that is contrary to the group's inclination |
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establish contrarian teams |
make teams, each team tries to simulate mission and construct strongest possible case against a proposal or plan therefore finding mistakes and exploiting vulnerabilities. |
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Delphi method |
anonymous voting |
