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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What line of royalty was Cleopatra?
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Ptolemy
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Why was the capital of Egypt moved to Alexandria?
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Because Alexander the Great wanted to move it there
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How did Cleopatra supposedly die?
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It was said she was either bitten by a snake OR she commit suicide
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How did you become noble in Rome?
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By possessing some form of imperium, from becoming consul OR you were descended from someone who held imperium from their consulship
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What is imperium?
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The power to command, execute the law and commandtroops, given by the people and the gods
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Why were most elected consuls noble?
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Because an ancestor had gained the consulship. The romans believed that the moral fibre and courage were inherited by genes, so if your ancestor was a good consul, then you would be too
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Roman clout / Reputation
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It was impossible to build the idea that you mattered in roman society unless you had
- Wealth - Military value - Gratia - Oratorical brilliance - Social connections - Ancestry - Clientela - Possession of high - Voters / Adoring culture public |
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Why did a Roman who wanted to become consul have to have a good reputation?
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Because the people of Rome wanted to be looked after by someone of intelligence, who had proved their loyalty to the state and can command an army. The people wouldn't allow you to be stupid and be consul of Rome.
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If a young man didn't have enough of a reputation, how could he rise to power?
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Go and join the army, it shows that they have the greatness to be able to command an army and follow orders. Military greatness was the key to Roman success.
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Who was Antony's family descended from?
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Anton, the son of Hercules.
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How do you show your lineage is real?
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By running for consul while your consular parent / relative is still alive, it shows that you are not lying about your lineage and uses the recent glory of your relative to propel you.
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Cicero on Antony's youth
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- Bankrupt son of a bankrupt father
- Behaved like a whore - Had an affair with Curio, acted like a sex slave - Had a lot of sex |
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Why was Antony criticised by Cicero?
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- Because he was having a lot of sex and that is not considered masculine in Roman society.
- He was in a lot of debt. -And he was ruining his reputation. Which are all of the things that Cicero says not to do. |
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How does Plutarch's life of Antony differ from Cicero's?
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Plutarch makes Curio a bad influence and shows Antony growing up a little bit and going to Greece to study oratory where he proceeded to grow up.
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How were the Macedonians perceived in antiquity?
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- They sometimes called Northern Greeks
- Although they were sometimes thought of as foreigners - They didn't act like Greeks - Although they copied Greek high culture - Thought of as a second rate kingdom |
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Who was Alexander the Great's father?
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Philip II of Macedon
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How did Philip II revolutionise Macedon?
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By way of the military, he developed a new fighting style, called the Macedonian phalanx. It was a great style, the only downside was that soldiers weren't able to wear armour. Looked like a porcupine.
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Who did Alexander the Great claim he was descended from?
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Heracles and therefore Zeus. When he arrived in Egypt he also claimed to be descended from Ammon - Ra.
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How did Alexander advertise his new kingdom?
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With the Macedonian cape and the Persian diadem which was a headband tied at the back of the head.
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Why do Alexander's troops tell him to stop?
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Because he had conquered too much land and too many armies. And instead of taking over the cities he conquered, he liked to completely destroy them.
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Why was Alexander the las king of Macedon?
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Because all of the successors decided that they wanted to become king at the same time, which prompts fighting, so they decided to create a dynasts peace.
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What made Egypt wealthy?
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Agriculture. This is because it is a source of food for everyone in the world.
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Who was Cambyses II?
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Persian man who conquered Egypt.
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Who made Ptolemy I Soter Pharaoh?
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Alexander the Great when he took over control of Egypt.
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Why did Alexander put Ptolemy on the throne?
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Because he didn't think that he had enough vision so he gave him a role that didn't really matter because Egypt ran itself.
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In the war for Alexander's kingdom, what did Ptolemy do?
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Made Egypt a fortress and devoted his energy to keeping it safe.
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Why did the Ptolemies marry incestuously?
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To make sure that other families could not rule Egypt AND the Egyptian Pharaohs usually married incestuously.
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What kind of texts could you find in the museum of Alexandria?
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- Plays - Science
- Historical - Poetry - Textual criticism - Rhetoric and Oratory - Music - Mathematics |
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Why were all of the peasants fleeing Egypt during the rule of Ptolemy IV?
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They were leaving because they were being taxed too much money.
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Why was Ptolemy IV taxing the people lots of money?
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Because Egypt was in a financial crisis, the pharaoh needed the taxes to keep Egypt running.
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How did the people of Egypt fix their tax
problem? |
By threatening battle if they did not get their own independent government. The independent government made sure that the pharaoh could not tax the people, which made him poor.
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Why was Rome always willing to help Egypt?
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Because they were the first to ally with them and Rome never forgot that.
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The requirements of the bureaucracy, the army and the Egyptian elite were all what?
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Pressures confronting each monarch.
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What did the Publicani do for the Roman public?
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They collected their taxes and give out loans so that the public can pay those taxes.
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What is a partnership?
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Where they get a lot of people to invest in something of theirs, so even if the people lose money in the investment they won't lose any themselves.
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When was Ptolemy expelled from Egypt?
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in 58 BC.
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How does Ptolemy X get back on the throne in Egypt?
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He pays Aulus Gabinius 10,000,000 sesterces to take him and an army back to Egypt.
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Who was in charge of Egypt while Ptolemy X was away?
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His daughter, Berenice IV.
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How did Antony first come to Egypt?
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He was part of the legion of troops that Gabinius took with him when he put Ptolemy back on the throne.
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Why was Gabinius prosecuted for treason?
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Because he violated the religious tradition of returning the king to the throne with a crown, he left his province without senatorial permission and he was equated with extortion (taking too much money from the Alexandrians).
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What is debasing and why did the Egyptians do
it ? |
Debasing is adding metal that is not precious inside a silver or gold coin to make it weigh more. They did it so that their coins would be worth more and it would help with their financial situation.
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What year was Antony born?
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Almost certainly 83 BUT maybe 86 or 81?
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What year did Antony's Uncle and Step Father get kicked out of the senate?
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70.
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What did Clodius' tribunate do to Cicero?
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Sent him into exile.
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What does Plutarch say about Antony?
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- He has a weakness for the opposite sex.
- He is a failed Hercules. - Had lots of hair/ a full beard. |
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What is wrong with the fact that Antony has a full beard?
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In Rome having lots of hair, unless when grieving, was considered to be a bad thing. It meant that you weren't really a man because you had lots of hair to make it look like you were a man.
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Why is it so hard to tell if a picture or a sculpture is of Antony?
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- Because all the pictures and sculptures of him were destroyed.
- He was trying to look a lot like Hercules. - No one has really enquired about what he really looks like. |
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What was Antony's relationship with Caesar like?
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- He was Caesar's right hand man.
- Became one of Caesar's legates in 52. - They were cousins, but Antony's mother was from the 'wrong' side of Caesar's family so that didn't really mean anything to Caesar. |
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Why were the Roman elections screwed up from 55 to 52?
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Because there was conflict in 56 which meant that the election of consul for 55 had to take place in 55. This screwed up all of the elections until 52, when things seemed to return to normal.
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What does cursus honorum mean?
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Elected offices.
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What are the different offices you can be elected into?
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- Quaestor
- Tribune of the Plebs - Aedile - Praetor - Consul |
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How would you get more votes in an election?
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By ...
- Having a good reputation - Being wealthy - Popular with the people - Munificence - Having a good lineage - Having influential supporters |
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What does munificence mean?
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Giving gifts to one's tribe. You can only give gifts to your own tribe, you cannot give gifts to another person's tribe, however you can get the owner of another tribe to sponsor you, but you can't give them anything for it as that is illegal.
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Why was it important to know the names of important people in little tribes?
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Because they were more likely to vote for you when they went to vote in Rome.
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What were the rituals of canvass?
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- Toga candida (wearing a toga)
- Salutatio (morning greeting) - Deductio (descending to the forum) - Adsectatio (walking around the forum addressing people by name) |
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What does Antony run for in the year 52 and why does he have to postpone it?
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The quaestorship. He has to postpone it because during this election he is associated with Cicero and Cicero is in trouble at that time. Which puts strain on the relationship between them.
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What did Caesar want to do in 50 that his enemies wanted to stop him from doing?
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He wanted to celebrate a triumph while being consul.
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Who was the civil war between?
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Pompey and Caesar.
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What was Antony's job in the civil war?
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He was the administrator of Italy.
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Why didn't people like Antony in the role that Caesar gave him in the civil war?
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- He wasn't good at dealing with people.
- He was considered rude. - Always drunk. - Very public love life. - Has his mother travel with him at all times. - The only thing he wants to do is eat, drink wine and have sex. |
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What does Caesar do when he is appointed dictator in 49?
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He tries to regulate the debt problem, and
appoints consuls for the year: himself and Isauricus. He reigns from dictator after 11 days. |
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What job did Antony have when he and Caesar chased Pompey in Greece?
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To follow Caesar over to Greece with more troops and command the left wing of his army.
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Why didn't people like Antony being appointed Master of the Horse?
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Because he ruined his reputation last time he was in power and being master of the horse means that he is second in command over everyone. Also because you weren't supposed to be able to hold that position for more than 6 months.
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How does Antony make himself rich?
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By selling the houses he takes from rich people.
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Why does Caesar return home in 47?
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- Because people are starting to think that he is dead.
- There aren't any magistrates elected. - People start to think that they can do whoever they want because Caesar isn't there to stop them. - There is rioting in the streets and Rome is falling apart. |
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Who was Cleopatra married to?
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Her brother.
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How old was Cleopatra when she took over the throne?
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18.
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When did Ptolemy XII die?
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51.
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Unlike her predecessors, what did Cleopatra do to make herself more likeable?
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- She learned how to speak Egyptian.
- Endorsed priests. - Cultivated and patronised temples. |
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Why don't we think of Cleopatra as a teenager?
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Because in all art she is depicted to be a woman.
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What was Cleopatra's book called and what was in it?
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The cosmetics AND it was a medical work devoted to curing things, like baldness, headaches and dandruff. There is even a part that tells you how to do your hair and makeup.
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How did the Romans suggest they fix their debt crisis?
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By demolishing all debt. This was what the lower classes wanted to do but the upper classes didn't want that because they would lose all of their income.
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Why did Rome want money from Egypt?
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Because they put Ptolemy back on the throne for them.
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What year does Cleopatra take sole rule of Egypt?
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51
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How did Cleopatra's brother, Ptolemy XIII, get back into power?
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Because Cleopatra gathered up the people that killed Bibulus' sons and sent them to Syria to be punished by Bibulus himself. The people didn't agree with that so they put Ptolemy XIII back in power.
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Why did the Egyptians assassinate Pompey?
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Because they were afraid that Rome would take over, so to stop them they cut of Pompey's head and claimed that they had ended the civil war.
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