Cl102 Quiz 1

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Etruscans

Back 1

-Italic peoples settled before the Romans
-Major cities were Caere and Veii
-Had a heavy cultural influence on Rome such as art, architecture, and theater
- Influenced by Greeks.
- Romans saw them as decadent, luxurious, ambitious and violent.
-Represent beginning of Roman expansion with Veii and the birthplace of the tyrant kings

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Aeneas

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-Taken from Livy Book 1
-Trojan refugee who led his people after Greeks attacked Troy.
-Landed in Laurentine and wanted to fight King Latinus for the territory. He then had a marriage alliance and founded Lavinium.
-He became King after Latinus died but was soon killed in a battle against the Etruscans.
-He is said to have become the God Jupiter.
-Lived before the founding of Rome
-Mother was Aphrodite
-Represents Rome’s founding from divine origins. His son founded Alba Longa and Aeneas therefore represents Rome’s perceived connection to other parts of Latium

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Monarchical Period

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-753 b.c.e. – 510 b.c.e.
-Rome was ruled by seven different kings, beginning with its founder Romulus and ending with Tarquinius Superbus.
-The monarchy was not hereditary, but rather, Kings were elected under the belief that they must earn the right to rule.
-Kings were associated with leadership in war, performing religious rights, judging legal disputes, and constructing temples/public buildings.

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Romulus

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-Founded Rome in 753 B.C.E.
-By legend, his father is the God Mars and his mother was raped.
-Twin brother was Remus
-After being sent down the river, the two were nursed by a wolf
-Expanded Rome and the city walls
-Created a senate of 100 patricians
-Planned the “rape of the Sabine women;”
-Defeated the Etruscans in war
-Supposedly disappeared in a cloud of smoke and became a God;
-Warlike King;
-Symbol of Rome’s divine origins – legitimation of their superiority
-Livy Book 1;

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Sabine Women

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-Kidnapped from their homes when Romulus realized that Rome’s population lacked women.
- The women intervened saying that war would only force them to choose between being “widows and orphans”
- Represent the place of women in Roman society – being loyal to one’s family and husband and the role women had in creating Rome. They’re family oriented, mediators, and a symbol of alliance between Rome and their allies
-From Livy
-Lived during beginning of Rome around 753 B.C.E.

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Numa

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-Rome’s second King
-Peaceful and created reforms for religion and the community.
-He strengthened morality in that it became seen as what was outward observable behavior;
-Ruled from 715-673 B.C.E;
-A Sabine who also represents Rome’s acceptance of other cultures and outsiders;
-Encouraged religion as a way to curb desires and create civilized peoples of the Romans
-Created the modern calendar

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Tullus Hostilius

Back 7

- Livy
-Third King of Rome who was a hostile, war-favoring King
-Ruled from 673 – 642 B.C.E.
-Main achievement was the defeat of Alba Longa – when the Alban dictator turned against him, Hostilius destroyed the city and forced its inhabitants to migrate to Rome

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Ancus Martius

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-Rome’s fourth King
-Sabine origins
-Peaceful and down-to-earth
-Ruled from 640 – 616 B.C.E
-Codified Numa’s religious policies after Hostilius’ renunciation of religion
-Defeated the Latins on the Aventine Hill and extended Roman territory to the sea

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Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the Elder)

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- Rome’s fifth King
-First king of Etruscan descent.
-Migrated to Rome with his wife, Tanaquil with political ambitions, working his way up by befriending the King and becoming a royal consultant
-Strong, ambitious and war-like but favored using traditional means to achieve his goals.
-Instituted the idea of public entertainment.
-Nurtured Servius Tullius to be the next King
-Killed by the sons of Ancus Martius who wanted to seize power
-Waged war against the Latins
- Began creating the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter
-Associated with war and civil office
-Ruled from 616 – 579 B.C.E

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Tanaquil

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-Tarquinius Priscus’ wife
-Sees the eagle omen, foreshadowing his ability to be King
-Nurtured her husband’s ambition
-Helped to install Servius Tullius as the next King

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Servius Tullius

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- Rome’s sixth King
-Supposedly had slave origins
-Ruled from 578-535 B.C.E.
-His head is said to have burst into flames and it is this omen that foretold that he would one day be King
-Etruscan
-He codified the ranks of society, established voting processes, created the census, extended city boundaries and made the Servian walls.
-Seized power through Priscus’ assassination
-Expanded the city after defeating Veii and the Etruscans;
-Murdered by Superbus and his daughter Tullia;
-Worked to undermine aristocratic power and put more in the hands of the plebeians
-Rome's second founder

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Tarquinius Superbus

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-Rome’s final king
-Stereotypical tyrant driven by the love of excess.
-Ruled from 535 – 510 B.C.E
- His son Sextus is said to have raped Lucretia and cause the fall of the monarchy.
-Etruscan descent
- Gained power through the assassination of Servius Tullius
-Was originally married to Tullia’s sister, but found his and Tullia’s ambitions were more compatible so they killed their siblings;
-Executed senators he found sympathetic to Tullius;
-Dimished both the size and authority of the Senate;
-Represents the worst of the monarchy – tyranny

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Tullia

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-Servius Tullius’ daughter
-The wife of Superbus.
-Helped plot her father’s murder in order to instate her husband.
-Killed her husband and sister so she and Superbus could be together
-Eventually exiled from Rome
-Livy

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Sextus Tarquinius

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-Tarquin the Proud’s son
-Represents the monarchy and the abuses of power available under autocracies and the negative characteristics of the Etruscans
-Commited the rape of Lucretia by blackmail that led to the downfall of the monarchy after lusting upon her and seeing how loyal she was to her husband Collatinus

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Lucretia

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-Martyr and symbol for the Roman woman’s modesty/devotion
-Symbolizes the end of the monarchy and the beginning of the republic around 510
-Collatinus’ wife
-Raped by Sextus after being the most virtuous and loyal of all the soldier’s wives.
-Commits suicide and her body is displayed in the forum as a symbol for Etruscan tyranny
-Exemplum of a respectable Roman woman

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Brutus

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-Becomes one of Rome’s first two consuls in 509 B.C.E along with Collatinus
-Symbolizes the “tyrant killer” who forces the monarchy out
-Founder of Roman republic
-Livy
-Orchestrated the overthrow of the monarchy
-Supposedly, an oracle told him Rome’s new king would be the first to kiss his mother – smartly, Brutus kissed mother Earth on a trip with his two cousins (Superbus’ sons)
-Superbus executed Brutus’ brother
-Forced the Romans to take an oath that Rome would never again have a King
-Killed during a battle with the Etruscans
-Forced to execute his two sons after they conspired with the Tarquins to reinstate the monarchy

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Horatius Cocles

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-Defended the Sublician Bridge during a battle with the Etruscan King Porsenna around 506
-Singlehandedly defended the bridge while his men destroyed it
-Glorification of Roman characteristics during the change from monarchy to republic – e.g. the change from Etruscan rule to Roman rule.
-Exemplum of patriotism, selflessness, bravery, fame, military valor, and the ideal Roman male

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Exemplum

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-A concrete way to talk about abstract concepts and to praise certain characteristics
-When a person’s name becomes identified with character traits and the two become synonymous

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Latium

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-Region in Central Italy containing Rome
-Consists of both Latial and Villanovan cultures that existed of mostly small settlements during the founding of Rome
-Located on the left bank of the Tiber River

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Livy

Back 20

Historian who lived from 64 or 59 B.C.E to 17 C.E.
Born and died in Patavium.
Wrote “From the Founding of Rome” containing 142 books, most now lost covering the period from the founding of Rome in 753 B.C.E to 9 B.C.E.
-Wrote in an objective style while still maintaining skepticism with several of Rome’s legends -Wanted to write because during his era, Rome was turning away from traditional morality and he wanted to remind the Romans of their moral roots

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Polybius

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-Greek author
-Wrote much during the Macedonian wars when Rome annexed Greece and he was taken hostage by the Romans
-Lived from 200-118 B.C.E.
-Wrote “The Histories”
-A founding father of Rome’s histiographies

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Divination

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-An Etruscan discipline of telling the future and trying to determine the will of the gods through the interpretation of omens or signs of godly will usually thunder, lightning, or natural phenomena, internal organs of a sacrifical animal, or through birds;
-A main tenant of the Roman state religion and an example of the mechanistic nature of Roman religion

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Capitoline Triad

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-The “royal family” of the God
-Consists of King Jupiter, Queen Juno and Jupiter’s daughter Minerva
-Received special worship among the Gods and were often prayed to at the Capitoline Temple of Jupiter

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Evocatio

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Taking possession of deities belonging to conquered peoples
-One famous example is Camilla’s victory in Veii where a statue of the goddess Juno was taken from a temple and brought to Rome

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Veii

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-Etruscan city that was the site of the first Roman conquest
-Sign of Roman superiority/legitimation of power from the Gods
-Constant source of conflict for Rome
-Eventually conquered by Camillus in 396 B.C.E

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Epicureanism

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-Greek strain of philosophy
-Originating from Greek philosopher Epicurus
-Differed from Roman religion in that it focused on one’s internal life.
-Believed that a happy life was the main goal
-Sense perception was the root of knowledge.
-Taught that Gods do exist but they are aloof and do not interfere.
-Pleasure is the main goal of life (pleasure = peace of mind), but one should never exceed the natural amount for this will cause pain due to unsatisfied desires
-Denounced religion
-Famous epicurean is Lucretius who wrote “On the Nature of Things”

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Stoicism

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-Greek strain of philosophy
-Founded by Zeno of Citium
-Consolidated for Roman use by Chrysippus of Soli (making it more about duty and discipline) -First came to Rome in the 2nd century B.C.E.
-Concerned morality
-Preached that humans should live according to reason and think in ways of nature and fate
-Regardless of free floating atoms and fate, humans still had free will.
-Preached self-discipline, perseverance, and steadfastness
-Happiness comes from giving into reason.
-Believed that Gods were impersonal agents of fate.
-Famous Stoicist was Seneca

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Di Manes

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-Collective Group of ancestral spirits
-A supernatural entity that one must pray to and make offerings to

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Cato the Elder

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-Lived from 234 – 149 B.C.E
-A politician who was active in public life and elected consul in 195 B.C.E.
-Very anti-Hellenistic and self-conscious of preserving “Romanness” during a time of great influx of Greek culture.
-Expels many Greek philosophers from Rome in 155 to prevent the sophistry from changing Roman moral ideals from the mos maiorum or “ways of the ancestors”
-Wrote “Origines” a Historical narrative of Rome’s founding, marking the first history from a senatorial perspective
-Made Carthage Rome’s biggest enemy

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Imagines

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-Wax masks used in the funeral processions of deceased whose families had senators or elites in their ancestry.
-The masks are images of these illustrious ancestors meant to bring their spirits to the procession.
-Teaches the youth and the Roman people the significance of gaining fame in one’s lifetime in order to reach a type of immortality after death

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Via Sacra

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-The “sacred way”
-Path through which triumphal processions took place
-From the top of the Capitoline Hill to the Forum to the Colosseum

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Capitoline Hill

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-Location of the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter
-Beginning of many triumphal processions and religious ceremonies
-Start of the via sacra
-One of the seven hills of Rome

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Cicero

Back 33

-Lived from 106 – 43 B.C.E.
- A “new man” (a plebeian who worked through the political ranks to become consul)
-Consul in 63 B.C.E.
-Gained his position through oratory skills
-Justified Rome’s use of an aristocracy as one that balanced power between a monarchy and mob rule.
-Cicero’s public writings in praise of the aristocracy were a way to praise the system which brought him fame and he even said that aristocracies “rewards the best people”
-Brought major Greek philosophies to Rome

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Via Sacra

Back 34

-The “sacred way”
-Path through which triumphal processions took place
-From the top of the Capitoline Hill to the Forum to the Colosseum

Front 35

Capitoline Hill

Back 35

-Location of the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter
-Beginning of many triumphal processions and religious ceremonies
-Start of the via sacra
-One of the seven hills of Rome

Front 36

Cicero

Back 36

-Lived from 106 – 43 B.C.E.
- A “new man” (a plebeian who worked through the political ranks to become consul)
-Consul in 63 B.C.E.
-Gained his position through oratory skills
-Justified Rome’s use of an aristocracy as one that balanced power between a monarchy and mob rule.
-Cicero’s public writings in praise of the aristocracy were a way to praise the system which brought him fame and he even said that aristocracies “rewards the best people”
-Brought major Greek philosophies to Rome

Front 37

Via Sacra

Back 37

-The “sacred way”
-Path through which triumphal processions took place
-From the top of the Capitoline Hill to the Forum to the Colosseum

Front 38

Capitoline Hill

Back 38

-Location of the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter
-Beginning of many triumphal processions and religious ceremonies
-Start of the via sacra
-One of the seven hills of Rome

Front 39

Cicero

Back 39

-Lived from 106 – 43 B.C.E.
- A “new man” (a plebeian who worked through the political ranks to become consul)
-Consul in 63 B.C.E.
-Gained his position through oratory skills
-Justified Rome’s use of an aristocracy as one that balanced power between a monarchy and mob rule.
-Cicero’s public writings in praise of the aristocracy were a way to praise the system which brought him fame and he even said that aristocracies “rewards the best people”
-Brought major Greek philosophies to Rome