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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perspectives on Justice
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Crime Control Perspective
Rehabilitation Perspective Due Process Perspective Nonintervention Perspective Justice Perspective Restorative Justice Perspective |
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Crime Control Perspective
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According to this view, the proper role of justice system is to prevent crime through harsh punishment. If the justice system operated in an effective manner, most potential criminals would be deterred from crime.
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Rehabilitation Perspective
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Advocates believe that government programs can help reduce crime on both a societal (macro) and individual (micro) level. Macro: as success goes down criminal activity goes up. Micro: rehabilitation programs for youth
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Due Process Perspective
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Advocates believe that the greatest concern of the justice system should be providing fair treatment to those accused of crime
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Nonintervention Perspective
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Supporters believe that justice agencies should limit their involvement with criminal defendants. They believe in "decriminilization" (reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it) and "deinstitutionalization" (removal of first time offenders from jail and treat them in community).
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Justice Perspective
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All people should receive the same treatment and should be judged on what they've done now, not what they did before.
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Restorative Justice Perspective
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The justice system should aim for peacemaking not punishment
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Crime
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An act forbidden by law
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Be able to define the concept of criminal justice
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Criminal justice refers to the agencies that dispense justice and the process by which justice is carried out
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The long history of crime in the U.S.
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In the Old West, justice was administered by lengendary lawmen like Wyatt Earp.
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Discuss the formation of Criminal Justice System
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The term "criminal justice system" became prominent in the US when the PResident's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice began a nationwide study of the nation's crime problem
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Comprehend the size and scope of the contemporary justice system
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It now costs federal, state, and local governments about 200 billion per year for civil and criminal justice
The CJS employs more than 2 million people |
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Criminal Justice Assembly Line
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H. Packer described the criminal justice process as an assembly line conveyor belt. According to this view, each of the stages of justice is a decision point through which cases flow.
The system acts as a "funnel": Most people who commit crime escape, and of those who dont are sentenced to prison. |
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Crime
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A violation of social rules; an act forbidden by law
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Consensus View of Crime
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The will of the majority shapes the law and defines crimes
Laws apply to all citizens equally |
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Conflict View of Crime
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The law is a tool of the ruling class
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Interactionists View of Crime
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Falls between the consensus and conflict views:
Social crussaders and moral entrepreneurs define crime |
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Different types of Crime
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Violent Crimes
Hate/Bias Crimes Public Order Crimes (Victimless) Economic Crimes |
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Economic Crimes
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White collar crimes involve the violation of rules that control business enterprise. Corporate Crime is a type of white collar crime committed by a corporation/ individuals for such purposes as illegally increasing market share, avoiding taxes, etc.
Organized crime involves the criminal activity of people whose purpose is economic gain through illegal enterprise |
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Major analysis of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
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Part 1 crimes: those crimes used by the FBI to measure the change in the overall volume and rate of crime. These offenses include murder, rape, etc.
Part 2 crimes:all other crimes reported to the FBI. |
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National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
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A form of crime data collection created by the FBI requiring local police to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest. Th NIBRS is the UCR redesigned
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
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The nations primary source of info on criminal victimization
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Firearms
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Firearms are involved in about 20% of robberies and 10% of assaults
2/3 of all murders involved firearms |
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A group of criminals who account for a majority of all criminal offenses are known as.....
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Career Criminals (repeat offenders) and Chronic Offenders (delinquents arrested 5 + times before age 18)
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Criminology
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The scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and ctonrol of criminal behavior
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Deterrent
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Preventing crime before it occurs
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General Deterrent
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the harsher the punishment, the more certain its application and the speedier the judgment, the more effective it will be
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Specific Deterrent
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PUnishment severe enough to convice convicted offenders never to repeat their last criminal activity
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Situational Crime PRevention
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Crime prevention can be achieved by making it harder for the person who's going to commit it.
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Psychodynamic Theory
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Law violaters may have suffered damage to their egos or superegos. BY FREUD
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Behavioral Theory
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Behavior is learned through interactions with others (social learning theory)
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Cognitive Theory
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The way people perceive the wolrd we live in
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What causes an antisocial personality to develop
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Socialization, Aoursal level, and brain dysfunction
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Disinhibition
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When adults are viewed as beign rewarded for violence- like violence is acceptable
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Sociological Theories
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Durkheim viewed crime as a social phenomenon. Durkheim created theory of ANOMIE: absense/ weakness of roles, norms on what is socially or morally acceptable
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Social Structure
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the classes, groups that characterize a society. Social structure theories equate poverty and low income with high crime rates
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Racial Disparity
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Under social structure
For minority underclass, even if they value education, their desperate life circumstances may prevent them and these deficits have been linked to crime/ drug abuse |
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Culture of Poverty
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Under Social Structure
The view that people in the lower class form a seperate culture with its own values and norms that are in conflict with those of conventional society |
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Disorganized Neighborhood
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Crime is a natural outcome of life in bad neighborhoods BUT.... communities with high levels of social control where people know one another may develop COLLECTIVE EFFICACY: mutual trust
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Focal Concern
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central values and goals that according to W.MILLER differ by social class. Lower- calls focal concerns include living for today and seeking excitement.
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Strain
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an emotional turmoil and conflict caused when people believe that they cannot achieve their desires and goals through legal means.
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Name some Ideas by R.Merton
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Innovation
Retreatism Rebellion |
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Social Process Theories
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Family, peer, and individual characteristics play a large role in predicting violence
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The difference between the situational crime theory and lifestyle theory
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Situational Crime Theory: make it harder for attackers by putting shit such as locks
Lifestyle Theory: reducing chances of vicitmization by staying at home |
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Who is the main person who agrees/ created the Social process theories?
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Sutherland
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Differential Association Theory
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By Sutherland- under social process theories
People learn to commit crime in the same way that they learn any other behavior |
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Social Control Theory
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Sutherland- Social Process Theories
Most people do not violate the law because of their family. If these bonds are broken, they become free to commit crime |
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Social Reaction Theory
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Also known as the Labeling Theory- Sutherland
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Critical Criminology
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The view that crime results from the imposition by the rich and powerful of their own moral standards
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Developmental Theories
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Thse theories include latent trait, life course and age- graded theories
Behavior changes at each stage of the human experience |
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Latent Trait Theories
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Under developmental theories
Human beings are controlled by a master trait |
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Life Course Theories
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Under developmental theories
Crime is a dynamic process influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences Contrast of Latent Trait Theories |
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Age Graded Theories
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Under Developmental Theories
By Sampson and Laud As they mature, people who have had problems with the law are able to desist from crime if they become attached to a spouse who supports them |
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Victim Precipitation
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By Wolfgang
The role of the victim in provoking/ encouraging criminal behavior The two types are Active Precipitation and Passive Precipitation |
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Lifestyle Theory
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A person can reduce chances of victimization by reducing risk- taking behavior such as staying home at night
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Routine Activities Theory
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The view that crime is a product of 3 everyday factors: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of capable guardians
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Criminal Law
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The body of rules that define crimes, set out their punishment and the procedures for carrying out the criminal justice process
The law can be divided into 4 categories: substantive, procedural, civil and public law. |
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Whats the difference between criminal law, criminology, crime, and the criminal justice system?
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*Criminal law: the body of rules that define crimes, set out their punishment and the procedures for carrying out the criminal justice process
The law can be divided into 4 categories: substantive, procedural, civil and public law. *Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior *Crime is an act forbidden by law *CJS is the loosely organized collection of agencies charged with protecting the public, maintaining order, enforcing the law, identifying transgressors, etc |
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Substantive Criminal Law
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Defines crimes and their punishment
Under Criminal Law |
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Procedural criminal Law
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Procedures for carrying out the criminal justice system
Under Criminal Law |
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Civil Law
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All laws that is not criminal including tort (law of personal injuries)
Under Criminal Law |
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Public Law
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Deals with the state/ gov. and controls their administrative relationships with individuals, corporations, or other branches of government.
Under Criminal Law |
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Male in Se
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Cimres such as murder, blugary, rape are referred to as this male in se, inherently evil and corrupt
Men are guilty Males are evil |
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bills of Attainder
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legislative acts that inflict punishment without judicial trial
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Classify crimes into their appropriate groups
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1) Felonies/ misdemeanors
2) Other statutory classifications such as juvenile delinquency |
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To fulfill legal definition, all elements of crime must be proven, including these:
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Actus Reus
Mens Rea |
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Actus Reus
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The accused engaged in an illegal act/ failed to act legally when required
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Mens Rea
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The accused had a guilty mind: the intent to commit a criminal act
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Criminal Negligence
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Form of Mens Rea, occurs when a person's careles and inattentive actions cause harm
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Public Safety/ Strict Liability crime
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a criminal violation, usually one that endangers the public welfare. Strict liability criminal statutes generall include narcotic control laws, sanitation laws, etc.
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Name the different criminal defenses
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Excuse Defense
Justification Insanity Intoxication Age Entrapment |
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Describe the Justification criminal defense
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Justification defenses include consent, self defense, duress (forced to commit a crime), necessity (when a crime is committed under extreme circumstances and could not be avoided)
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Due Process
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Refers to the legal systems needs for rules and regulations that protect individual rights. The two categories of due process are substantive and procedural due process
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Substantive due Process
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A type of due process that refers to the citizens rights to be protected from criminal laws that may be biased or unfair
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Procedural Due Process
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Seeks to ensure tha no person will be deprived of life, liberty, or property without proper and legal criminal process
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Name the common forms of terrorism
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Revolutionary Terrorists
Political Terrorists Eco- Terrorism National Terrorism Retributive Terrorists State Sponsored Terrorists Cult Terrorists Criminal Terrorists |
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National Terrorism
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Groups whose actions promote the interest of a minority ethnic/ religious group that has been persecuted under majority rule
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Retributive Terrorists
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Groups that use violence as a method of influence/ persuasion
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Criminal Terrorists
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Groups that become involved in common law crimes such as drug dealing and kidnapping, or selling nuclear materials
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The National Commission on Terrorists Acts
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Also known as the 9/11 Commission
It was created and given the mission of preparing an in-depth report of the events leading to the 9/11 Attacks |
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Director of National Intelligence (DNI)
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Government official charged with coordinating data form the nation's primary intelligence gathering agencies
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What is the acronym to remembering the different kinds of terrorists
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Naitonally and Politically Revolutional
State Criminals Retribute Eco Cunt |
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Counterterrorism Division of the FBI
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Collects analyzes, and shares critical info and intelligence on international terrorism, domestic terrorism, and counterterrorism
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Department of HOmeland Security (DHS)
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New cabinet crated after 9/11. Its mission is to prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S., reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage if attacks do occur
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USA Patriot Act (USAPA)
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One of the most important laws passed after 9/11. This law is designed to grant ne powers to law enforcement in an effort to fight terrorism
USAPA expands all 4 tools of surveillance: wiretaps, search warrants, pen/trap orders, and subpoenas |
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What are the different forms of cybercrime?
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Cyber theft (identity theft, etc)
Cyber vandalism Cyber Terrorism (an effort to disrupt the intersection where the virtual electronic reality of computers meets the physical world) |
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Phishing
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A kind of Identity theft.
Illegally acquiring personal info, such as bank info, by disguising as a trustworthy person/ trustworthy business |
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Talk about Police in the 19th Century
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Police during this century were regarded as incompetent and corrupt
During the 1960's civil unrest produced a growing tension between police and the public During the 1970s, the Vietnam war had just ended so many officers furthered their college education and more women & minorities were recruited 1980's- Police unions |
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The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
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Called for creating a civil service police force and for removing political influence and control
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Community Policing
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A law enforcement program that seeks to place officers into local communities to reduce crime and gain good community relations.
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Policing and Law Enforcement: How is it organized today?
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Federal
State County Local |
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The US Department of Justice
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The legal arm of the Federal government; headed by the attorney general.
It is empowered to enforce all federal laws, represent the U.S. in court, and conduct independent investigations |
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
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The arm of the Department of Justice
It investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, helps train local law enforcement officers |
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Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
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Service of the FBI
It compiles crimes reported to local police agencies, arrests, police killed/wounded, etc. |
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The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosive (ATF)
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Helps control sales of untaxed liquor and cigarettes and has jurisdiction over the illegal sale, importation, and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives
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The US Marshal Service
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The nations oldest federal law enforcement.
Among its duties are: judicial security, witness security, fugitive investigations (arrest felons), prisoner services, Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS), and Asset Forfeiture Program (in charge of managing and disposing of seized and forfeited properties |
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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS): name its branches
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Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) US Secret Service |
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Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
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The largest arm of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); it is responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities in the nation's border
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U.S. Secret Service
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This service has 2 missions. The first is to protect the Pres. and VIce Pres, their families, etc.
The second is to investigate counterfeiting and other financial crimes including identity theft, computer fraud, etc. |
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National Crime Info Center
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In The FBI
Provides rapid collection and retrieval of data about persons wanted for crimes anywhere in the 50 states |
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Data Mining
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Using computer software to conduct analysis ofbehavior patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects
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High Definition Surveying (HDS)
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Creates a virtual crime scene that allows investigators to maneuver every piece of evidence; limits crime scene contamination
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Computer Maps
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Allows police to identify location, time and linkage among criminal events
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Biometrics
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Automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological (fingerprint) or behavioral characteristics
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Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
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Can classify fingerprints
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DNA Profiling
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A procedure that gained attention during the OJ trial.
It allows suspects to be identified on the basis of the genetic material found in hair, blood, and other bodily tissues and fluids. |
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CLEARMAP Crime Incident Web Application
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Invented by the Chicago POlice Dep.
It allows you to serch a database of reported crime within city. |
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Who created the "Wedding Cake Model"?
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S. Walker
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Criminal Justice Assembly Line
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H.Packer described the criminal justice process as an assembly line conveyor belt: each of the stages of justice is a decision point
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Who created the Criminal Justice Assembly Line
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H. Packer
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