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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A wedding cake–shaped model that explains why different cases receive different treatment in the criminal justice system. The cases at the “top” of the cake receive the most attention, while those cases at the “bottom” are disposed of quickly and virtually ignored by the media.
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"Wedding Cake” Model
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A threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes the other person to fear immediate physical harm.
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Battery
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The act of breaking into or entering a structure (such as a home or office) without permission for the purpose of committing a crime. No crime need take place; the key factor is the intent to commit the crime.
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Burglary
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The personal rights and protections guaranteed by the Constitution, particularly the Bill of Rights.
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Civil Rights
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A criminal justice model in which the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold economic, political, and social power in a community. Definition 6 (of 23 active)
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Conflict Model
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A criminal justice model in which the majority of citizens in a society share the same values and beliefs. Criminal acts are acts that conflict with these values and beliefs and that are deemed harmful to society. Definition 7 (of 23 active)
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Consensus Model
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An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions
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Crime
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A criminal justice model that places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals. Crime control values emphasize speed and efficiency in the criminal justice process; the benefits of lower crime rates outweigh any possible costs to individual rights.
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Crime Control Model
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The interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior.
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Criminal Justice System
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Behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.
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Deviance
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The ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules or official information.
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Discretion
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A criminal justice model that places primacy on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government. Due process values hold that the state must prove a person’s guilt within the confines of a process designed to safeguard personal liberties as enumerated in the Bill of Rights.
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Due Process Model
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A form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between a central government and several regional governments. In the United States, the division of powers between the federal government and the fifty states is established by the Constitution.
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Federalism
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A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States and reduce the country’s vulnerability to terrorism.
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Homeland Security
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The act of taking property from another person without the use of force with the intent of keeping that property.
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Larceny
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The unlawful killing of one human being by another.
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Murder
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Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services, such as illicit drugs or firearms.
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Organized Crime
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Behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared social values, customs, and norms.
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Public Order Crime
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The act of taking property from another person through force, threat of force, or intimidation.
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Robbery
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Forced or coerced sexual intercourse (or other sexual act).
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Sexual Assault
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The use or threat of violence to achieve political objectives.
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Terrorism
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Nonviolent crimes committed by corporations and individuals to gain a personal or business advantage.
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White Collar Crime
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3 levels of law enforcement:
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1-National or Federal
2-State level 3-Local Level (Most employees work at this level) |
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Formal Criminal Justice Processes:
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Involves prescribed procedures such as booking, setting bail.
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The hormone primarily responsible for the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sex characteristics such as the growth of facial and pubic hair and the change of voice pitch.
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Testosterone
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An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
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Theory
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A school of criminology that studies why certain people are the victims of crimes and what is the optimal role for victims in the criminal justice system.
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Victimology
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A condition in which the individual suffers from the breakdown or absence of social norms. According to this theory, this condition occurs when a person is disconnected from these norms or rejects them as inconsistent with his or her personal goals.
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Anomie
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A mental illness that is characterized by antisocial behavior and other specific criteria established by the American Psychiatric Association.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
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The science of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, and origin.
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Biology
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A school of criminology that holds that wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benefits of criminal or delinquent activity against the expected costs of being apprehended. When the benefits are greater than the expected costs, the offender will make a rational choice to commit a crime or delinquent act.
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Choice Theory
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A delinquent or criminal who commits multiple offenses and is considered part of a small group of wrongdoers who are responsible for a majority of the antisocial activity in any given community.
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Chronic Offender
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A specialist in the field of crime and the causes of criminal behavior.
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Criminologist
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The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior.
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Criminology
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Drug use that results in physical or psychological problems for the user, as well as disruption of personal relationships and employment.
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Drug Abuse
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A chemical substance, produced in tissue and conveyed in the bloodstream, that controls certain cellular and bodily functions such as growth and reproduction.
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Hormone
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The hypothesis that society creates crime and criminals by labeling certain behavior and certain people as deviant. The stigma that results from this social process excludes a person from the community, thereby increasing the chances that she or he will adopt the label as her or his identity and engage in a pattern of criminal behavior.
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Labeling Theory
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The hypothesis that delinquents and criminals must be taught the practical and emotional skills necessary to partake in illegal activity.
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Learning Theory
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The study of crime based on the belief that behavioral patterns developed in childhood can predict delinquent and criminal behavior later in life.
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Life Course Criminology
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A mental disorder marked by an inability to conform to society’s norms and corresponding difficulties in communicating with other people and reacting to stressful situations.
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Personality Disorder
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The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
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Psychology
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A school of criminology that views criminal behavior as the result of class conflict. Certain behavior is labeled illegal not because it is inherently criminal, but because the ruling class has an economic or social interest in restricting such behavior in order to protect the status quo.
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Social Conflict Theories
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The theory that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population.
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Social Disorganization Theory
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A school of criminology that considers criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a person’s interaction with his or her environment. According to these theories, everybody has the potential for wrongdoing. Those who act on this potential are conditioned to do so by family or peer groups, or institutions such as the media.
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Social Process Theories
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What do criminologists deduce when examining factors of crime?
a. Causes of crime vary together. b. Some factors cause crime. c. Some variables are correlated with crime. d. Correlation is the same as causation. |
C
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What theory of criminology holds that criminal behavior is the result of class discord, and purports that certain behavior is labeled illegal because the ruling class has an economic or social interest in restricting such behavior?
a. Labeling theory b. Conflict theory c. Process theory d. Rational-choice theory |
B
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With which of the following theories would researchers Shaw and McKay be most closely associated?
a. Trait theory b. Social process theory c. Social disorganization theory d. Rational-Choice theory |
C
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What theories hypothesized that criminals are simply a product of their genes and that criminals can be identified by their physical characteristics?
a. Robert Merton b. Cesare Beccaria c. Cesare Lombroso d. Jeremy Bentham |
C
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Which theory posits that delinquents and criminals must be taught both the practical and emotional skills necessary to partake in illegal activity?
a. Rational-Choice b. Labeling c. Trait d. Learning |
D
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What is the term to describe a condition in which the individual suffers from the breakdown or absence of social norms?
a. Deviance b. Personality disorder c. Positivism d. Utility |
B
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Which is not a tenet of the Life Course theory of crime?
a. Unemployment b. Self-control c. Childhood d. Socio-economic status |
A
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Which of the following best encapsulates social disorganization theory?
a. Wealthy immigrants move in, local economies expand too quickly. b. Wealthy immigrants move in, poorer residents and local businesses are forced out. c. The smartest people invest in the community, but local institutions do not have sufficient human capital. d. The smartest people of a community leave, local institutions lose human capital. |
D
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What term refers to persons who commit numerous crimes and are considered part of a small group of wrongdoers responsible for a majority of the offenses in any given community?
a. The mentally ill b. Indigent offenders c. Deviant offenders d. Chronic offenders |
D
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Which of the following is the best example of labeling theory?
a. A drug user thinks they are a powerless to control their disease. b. Mentally ill children are forced to take drugs. c. A child is expelled and other teachers call him a troublemaker. d. A younger brother always gets good grades because his older sister was an honor's student |
A
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Which term refers to a unit of analysis that is commonly considered when examining crime trends, patterns, or causes as derived from shared characteristics?
a. A cohort b. A sample c. A cluster d. A conglomerate |
A
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Which is not an argument against a link between video games and crime?
a. Most studies note that other factors are more influential on violence than video games. b. No legal authorities have found a link. c. First person "shooter" games desensitize players to real violence. d. Sales of video games is negatively correlated with youth violence. |
C
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One school of thought sees a relationship between criminality and psychological disorders. Which of the following is least often associated with violence and criminality?
a. Anti-social personality disorder b. Borderline personality disorder c. Post-traumatic disorder d. Mild depression |
D
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Which choice offers the best explanation of the origin of conflict theory?
a. White elites in the South were angry about legal changes which gave Black people legal standing to vote, own property, and stay at public accommodations. b. In the 1960s, professors, writers, journalists, students and other activists could not believe that a society that could put men on the moon could not also eliminate poverty, pollution, and depression. c. The FBI Counter-intelligence program helped to assassinate leaders of Black, Latino, and American Indian organizations. d. After the fall of Saigon, the Pentagon organized to prevent public opinion from turning against another war. |
B
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Of the following, which was the primary catalyst for the "victims' rights" movement?
a. Mothers against drunk driving. b. The frequency of child on child murders. c. The anti-incarceration movement. d. Feminist organizations responding to incidents of rape. |
D
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Criminal activity in males has been linked to hormones.
True False |
TRUE
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Urban areas have consistently higher rates of index crimes than rural or suburban areas.
True False |
TRUE
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The general assumption that middle class citizens are the most likely to commit crimes is supported by official crime statistics.
True False |
FALSE
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Cesare Beccaria is known as the "father of criminology."
True False |
FALSE, Cesare Lombroso was
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The criminal justice system has responded to the phenomenon of chronic offenders by enacting legislature and implementing specific policies geared toward this population of offenders.
True False |
TRUE
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Which model of the criminal justice system holds that the majority of citizens share the same values and beliefs, and criminal acts are considered harmful to society because those acts contradict society's shared values?
a. Conflict b. Integrated c. Justice d. Consensus |
D
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What is the name of the model in which the content of criminal law is determined by the groups that hold economic, social, and political power in the community?
a. Conflict b. Integrated c. Justice d. Consensus |
A
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Which of the following is a principle of an integrated definition of crime?
a. Crime is considered punishable under criminal law, as determined by a minority of a society. b. Crime is punishable by informal sanctions that bring about the loss of personal freedom. c. Crime is considered an offense against an individual, not society as a whole. d. Crime is considered punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority of a society or, in some cases, a powerful minority. |
D
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What type of crime has come to dominate society's perspectives on crime?
a. White collar crime b. Violent crime c. Victimless crime d. Property crime |
B
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Which of the following is not a major category of violent crime?
a. Robbery b. Sexual Assault c. Burglary d. Battery |
C
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Of the following categories, which type of crime is most common in the United States?
a. Property crime b. Violent crime c. Victimless crime d. Public order crime |
A
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What is the general term used to describe illegal acts committed by an individual or business entity using non-violent means to obtain a personal wealth or an unwarranted business advantage?
a. Public order crime b. White-collar crime c. Business crime d. Organizational crime |
B
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What is the common term for the crime that occurs when an employee commits a fraud whereby the individual uses her position to steal corporate money, property, or assets?
a. Consumer Fraud b. Pilferage c. Embezzlement d. Securities Fraud |
C
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Which term best describes illegal acts by groups, usually geared toward satisfying some demand for unlawful goods or services?
a. Organized crime b. White-collar crime c. Black market crime d. Corporate crime |
A
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What is the term often used to describe the act of using computers and electronic communications in an attempt to contact and/or intimidate another person?
a. Cyber harassment b. Hacking c. Cyber terrorism d. Cyberstalking |
D
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According to the text, there are three main goals of the criminal justice system. Which of the following is not one of these goals?
a. To maintain a system of justice. b. To maintain public order. c. To prevent crime. d. To control crime. |
B
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Which term best describes a form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between a central government and several regional governments?
a. Totalitarianism b. Democracy c. Feudalism d. Federalism |
D
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What is the most common punishment handed to criminal convicts in the United States?
a. Community Service b. Imprisonment c. Retribution d. Probation |
D
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What principle empowers individual actors in the criminal justice system to make decisions to enforce laws based on their personal judgment instead of following strict adherence to written rules or law?
a. Impunity b. Informality c. Plea-bargaining d. Discretion |
D
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What statement best describes the Wedding Cake model of justice?
a. The serious felonies at the top show how justice prevails over efficiency. b. Misdemeanors make up the bottom layer, and typify a legal system based on efficiency over fairness. c. High-profile misdemeanors in the top-two levels are not typical of most criminal cases. d. The serious felonies at the bottom are processed in ways to promote justice over fairness |
B
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The due process model relies heavily on the courts and the role of the courts in applying laws as a means to uphold the legal procedures of establishing guilt.
True False |
TRUE
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Behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared social values, customs, and norms, is known as public order crime.
True False |
TRUE
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Misdemeanor crimes are the lowest layer on the "Wedding Cake Model" of Criminal justice.
True False |
TRUE
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The "get tough stance" toward crime slowed down the due process revolution and returned the principles of the crime control model to our criminal justice system.
True False |
TRUE
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According to Herbert Packer, the American system of law and legal procedures is so precise that a good characterization of the system is that of an "assembly line."
True False |
FALSE
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